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Basic Cardiovascular Physiology.
This book focuses on established cardiovascular principles andhighlights some of the progress achieved by recent research in thecardiovascular field. The book describes the structure and function of theheart and vascular system for the reader to understand how the cardiovascularsystem responds in bo...
| Clasificación: | Libro Electrónico |
|---|---|
| Autor principal: | |
| Otros Autores: | , |
| Formato: | Electrónico eBook |
| Idioma: | Inglés |
| Publicado: |
Aalborg :
River Publishers,
2020.
|
| Colección: | River Publishers Series in Research and Business Chronicles: Biotechnology and Medicine Ser.
|
| Temas: | |
| Acceso en línea: | Texto completo |
Tabla de Contenidos:
- Machine generated contents note: 1. Cardiovascular System
- 1.1. Overview of the Cardiovascular System
- 1.2. Conditions Necessary for Blood Movements in the Cardiovascular System
- 1.3. Sections of the Cardiovascular System
- 1.4. Blood Contenied in the Various Sections of the Cardiovascular System
- 2. Structure and Function of the Myocardial Fiber
- 2.1. Myocardial Fiber
- 2.2. Myofibrillar or Contractile Proteins
- 2.3. Regulatory Proteins
- 2.4. Structural Proteins
- 3. Cardiac Electrophysiology
- 3.1. Cardiac Electrophysiology: Overview
- 3.2. Genesis of Resting Membrane Potential
- 3.3. Action Potential
- 3.4. After Depolarizations
- 4. Functional Tissue of the Heart
- 4.1. Properties of Functional Tissues of the Heart
- 4.1.1. Automatism or Chronotropism
- 4.1.2. Excitability or Bathmotropism
- 4.1.3. Conductivity or Dromotropism: Origin and Diffusion of the Cardiac Impulse
- 4.1.4. Contractility or Inotropism
- 4.1.4.1. cross-bridge muscle contraction cycle
- 4.1.4.2. Isometric and isotonic contraction
- 4.1.4.3. Isotonic contraction with a suspended load
- 4.1.4.4. Mixed contraction: isometric and isotonic contraction with a sustained load
- 4.1.4.5. Mixed contraction with different preload and afterloads
- 4.1.4.6. Contractility and the strength of contraction in the heart
- 4.2. Cardiac Contractility and Heavy Meromyosin Isoforms
- 4.3. Excitation-Contraction Coupling
- 5. Cardiac Cycle
- 5.1. Heart as a Pressure Gradient Generator
- 5.2. Phases of the Cardiac Cycle
- 5.2.1. Isovolumic Systole
- 5.2.2. Ventricular Ejection Phase
- 5.2.2.1. ejection with acceleration
- 5.2.2.2. ejection with deceleration
- 5.2.3. Protodiastole
- 5.2.4. Isovolumic Relaxation Phase
- 5.2.5. Rapid Ventricular Filling Phase
- 5.2.6. Slow Ventricular Filling Phase
- 5.2.7. Atrial Systole Phase
- 5.3. Atrial Pressure Curve
- 5.4. Cycle of the Right Heart
- 5.5. Changes in the Heart Rate and Duration of the Phases of the Cardiac Cycle
- 5.6. Hemodynamic Role of Atrial Systole
- 5.7. Aortic Flow Curve
- 5.7.1. Sounds and the Heart Murmurs
- 5.7.2. Auscultation Points
- 5.7.3. Murmurs
- 5.8. Cardiac Volumes and Ejection Fraction
- 5.9. Ventricular Pressure-Volume Loop
- 6. Cardiac Output and the Venous Return to the Heart
- 6.1. Cardiac Output
- 6.2. Factors Determining the Venous Return to the Heart
- 6.3. Central Venous Pressure
- 6.4. Cardiac Output and the Venous Return
- 6.5. Cardiac Output in the Compensated and Decompensated Heart Failure
- 6.5.1. Valsalva Maneuver
- 7. Regulation of Cardiac Contraction Force
- 7.1. Intrinsic and Extrinsic Regulation of the Heart Contractile Force
- 7.1.1. Intrinsic Heterometric Regulation of Contractile Force
- 7.1.1.1. Mechanisms of the Frank-Starling law
- 7.1.2. Intrinsic Homeometric Regulation of Contractile Force: Anrep Phenomenon and Bowditch or Scale Phenomenon
- 7.1.2.1. phenomenon of Anrep
- 7.1.2.2. Bowditch effect or staircase phenomenon
- 7.1.3. Extrinsic Nervous and Humoral Regulation
- 7.1.3.1. Nervous Regulation
- 7.1.4. Humoral Regulation
- 7.2. Combined Effect of Heterometric and Homeometric Regulation
- 7.3. Regulation of Cardiac Contraction Force and Heart Failure
- 7.4. Heart Efficiency: Effort Required by the Heart for Ventricular End-Diastolic Volume
- 8. Arterial Pressure
- 8.1. Device and the Law of Poiseuille
- 8.2. Mechanical Factors of Arterial Pressure
- 8.2.1. Increased Stroke Volume
- 8.2.2. Increase in Heart Rate
- 8.2.3. Increasing Total Peripheral Resistance
- 8.3. Measurement of Resistance
- 8.4. Parallel Arrangement of District Resistance
- 8.5. Regulation of Vascular Resistance
- 8.6. Arterial Windkessel and the Arterial Pressure
- 8.7. Impedance to Ventricular Ejection
- 8.8. Velocity of Propagation and the Length of Pressure Wave
- 8.9. Oscillations of I, II and III Order of Arterial Pressure
- 8.10. Mechanisms of Control of Arterial Pressure
- 8.10.1. Short-term Control Mechanisms
- 8.10.1.1. Ischemic response of the central nervous system (CNS)
- 8.10.1.2. Baroreceptor system
- 8.10.1.3. Chemoreceptor system
- 8.10.2. Medium-term Control Mechanisms
- 8.10.2.1. Exchanges of liquid through the capillary wall
- 8.10.2.2. Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system
- 8.10.2.3. Stress-relaxation phenomenon
- 8.10.3. Long-term Control Mechanisms
- 8.10.3.1. Kidney-body fluids system
- 8.11. Hemodynamic and Arterial Pressure Modifications in the Physical Exercise
- 8.12. Measurement of Arterial Pressure in Humans
- 8.13. Arterial Pulse
- 8.14. Venous Pulse
- 9. Work and Heart Metabolism
- 9.1. Work of the Heart
- 9.2. Heart Performance
- 9.3. Metabolism of the Myocardium
- 10. Electrocardiogram
- 10.1. Definition of Electrocardiogram and Dipole Theory
- 10.2. Morphology and the Meaning of Electrocardiographic Waves
- 10.2.1. Electrocardiographic Intervals and Segments
- 10.3. Electrocardiographic Leads on the Front Plane and the Electrical Axis of the Heart
- 10.3.1. Leads on the Frontal Plane
- 10.3.1.1. Bipolar limb leads
- 10.3.1.2. Unipolar limb leads
- 10.3.2. Leads on the Horizontal Plane
- 10.4. Electrocardiographic Aspects of Conduction Disorders and of the Main Arrhythmias
- 10.4.1. Conduction Disorders
- 10.4.1.1. Sino-atrial block
- 10.4.1.2. Atrio-ventricular blocks
- 10.4.1.3. bundle-branch block
- 10.4.2. Extrasystoles and Tachyarrhythmias
- 10.4.2.1. Extrasystoles
- 10.4.2.2. Tachyarrhythmias
- 11. Vascular Hemodynamics
- 11.1. Introduction
- 11.2. Total Energy of Fluids
- 11.2.1. Lateral, Head and Tail Pressures
- 11.3. Blood Viscosity
- 11.4. Laminar Flow and the Turbulent Flow
- 11.5. Visco-Elastic and Contractile Features of Vessels
- 11.6. Miogenic Regulation of the Radius of Resistance Vessels
- 11.7. Flow of the Blood According to the Waterfall Model
- 11.8. Wave of Flow Along the Arterial Tree
- 11.9. Microcirculation
- 12. Nervous Control of the Cardiovascular System
- 12.1. Innervation of the Cardiovascular System
- 12.2. Action of the Sympathetic and Vagal Nerves on the Heart
- 12.2.1. Action of the Sympathetic Nerves on the Heart
- 12.2.2. Action of the Vagus on the Heart
- 12.3. Action of the Sympathetic Fibers on the Vessels
- 12.4. Sympathetic and Parasympathetic Receptors of the Cardiovascular Apparatus
- 12.4.1. Adrenergic Receptors
- 12.4.1.1. Alpha-receptors
- 12.4.1.2. Beta-receptors
- 12.4.2. Acetylcholine Receptors
- 12.5. Nervous Control Centers of the Cardiovascular Apparatus
- 12.6. Nervous Reflex Control of the Cardiovascular Apparatus
- 12.6.1. Baroreceptors
- 12.6.2. Ventricular Receptors
- 12.6.3. Atrial Receptors are of Different Types
- 12.6.4. Chemoreceptors
- 12.6.5. Axonic Reflexes
- 12.7. Control of the Blood Volume and the Bainbridge Reflex
- 13. Humoral Control of the Cardiovascular System
- 13.1. Catecholamines
- 13.2. Endothial Factors
- 13.2.1. Nitric Oxide
- 13.2.2. Endothelial Derived Hyperpolarizing Factors
- 13.2.3. Endothelial Contraction Factors
- 13.2.4. Endothelial Dysfunction
- 13.3. Other Humoral Factors That Act on the Cardiovascular Apparatus
- 13.3.1. Serotonin
- 13.3.2. Prostaglandins
- 13.3.3. Plasma Kinins
- 13.3.4. Histamine
- 13.3.5. Antidiuretic Hormone
- 13.3.6. Natriuretic Factors
- 13.3.7. Orexins or Hypocretins
- 13.4. Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System
- 13.5. Apeline and the APJ Receptor
- 14. District Circulations
- 14.1. Coronary Circulation
- 14.1.1. Coronary Arteries and the Microcirculation
- 14.1.2. Venous Coronary Circulation
- 14.1.3. Anastomosis of the Coronary Circulation
- 14.1.4. Resistance of the Coronary Circulation
- 14.1.4.1. phasic coronary flow and the compressive resistance
- 14.1.4.2. Coronary autoregulative resistance
- 14.1.4.3. Coronary viscous resistance
- 14.1.5. Metabolic Mechanism
- 14.1.6. Nervous Mechanisms
- 14.1.7. Humoral Mechanisms
- 14.1.8. Endothelial Mechanisms
- 14.1.9. Myogenic Mechanism
- 14.1.10. Coronary Flow at Rest and Under Stress
- 14.1.11. Reactive Hyperemia
- 14.1.12. Coronary Reserve
- 14.2. Cerebral
- Circulation
- 14.2.1. Autoregulation and Metabolic Regulation
- 14.2.2. Nervous Regulation
- 14.3. Splanchnic Circulation
- 14.3.1. Splenic Circulation and the Spleen
- 14.3.2. Mesenteric Circulation and the Intestinal Villi
- 14.3.3. Hepatic Circulation
- 14.4. Circulation in the Skeletal Muscle
- 14.5. Renal Circulation
- 14.6. Cutaneous Circulation
- 15. Pulmonary Circulation
- 15.1. Characteristics of Pulmonary Circulation
- 15.2. Variations of Volume of the Lung and the Resistance to the Blood Flow
- 15.3. Chemical and Nervous Regulation of the Pulmonary Circulation
- 15.4. Formation of the Pulmonary Edema
- 16. Coordinated Cardiovascular Adaptations
- 16.1. Physical Exercise
- 16.2. Alerting Response
- 16.3. Responses to Hemorrhage
- 17. Myocardial Protection Against Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury
- 17.1. Ischemia and Reperfusion Injury
- 17.2. Pre-Conditioning and Post-Conditioning
- 17.3. Pharmacological Pre-Conditioning and Post-Conditioning
- 18. Lymphatic Circulation
- 18.1. Formation of the Linfa
- 18.2. Lymphatic Vessels
- 18.3. Lymphatic Row
- 19. Functional Imaging of the Cardiovascular System: How to Study Human Physiology In Vivo
- Note continued: 19.1. Functional Imaging vs Anatomical Imaging
- 19.2. Functional Methods of Analysis
- 19.2.1. Cardiac Catheterization
- 19.2.1.1. Measurement of cardiac output
- 19.2.1.2. Fractional flow reserve (FFR)
- 19.2.1.3. Electrophysiological mapping
- 19.2.1.4. Positron emission tomography (PET)
- 19.2.2. Single-Photon Emission Tomography (SPECT)
- 19.2.3. Echocardiography
- 19.2.4. Computerized Axial Tomography (CAT or CT)
- 19.2.5. Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance
- 19.3. Physiological Parameters in Clinical Practice
- 19.3.1. Contractile Function
- 19.3.2. Myocardial Perfusion
- 19.3.3. Myocardial Vitality
- 19.3.4. Assessment of Blood Flow in Large Vessels and Cardiac Output
- 19.3.5. Myocardial Oxygenation
- 19.3.6. Electric Activation.