Habitability of the universe before earth /

Habitability of the Universe before Earth: Astrobiology: Exploring Life on Earth and Beyond (series) examines the times and places-before life existed on Earth-that might have provided suitable environments for life to occur, addressing the question: Is life on Earth de novo, or derived from previou...

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Detalles Bibliográficos
Clasificación:Libro Electrónico
Otros Autores: Gordon, Richard, 1943- (Editor ), Sharov, Alexei A. (Editor )
Formato: Electrónico eBook
Idioma:Inglés
Publicado: Cambridge, MA : Academic Press, [2018]
Edición:First edition.
Colección:Astrobiology : exploring life on earth and beyond.
Temas:
Exobiology.
Habitable planets.
Exobiologie.
Plan�etes habitables.
SCIENCE > Life Sciences > Biology.
SCIENCE > Life Sciences > Microbiology.
Exobiology
Habitable planets
Acceso en línea:Texto completo
Tabla de Contenidos:
  • Machine generated contents note: pt. 1 PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL CONSTRAINTS
  • Gravity and Life / Bartolo Luque
  • 1. Introduction
  • 2. Gravity as Source of Complexity
  • 3. Planet-Builder Force
  • 4. Goldilocks Gravity
  • 5. Gravitational Biology
  • 6. Scalable Life?
  • 7. Plurality of Earth-Like Gravities
  • Acknowledgments
  • Further Reading
  • Radiation as a Constraint for Life in the Universe / Brian C. Thomas
  • 1. Introduction
  • 2. Types of Radiation
  • 3. Sources of High-Energy Radiation
  • 3.1. Stellar Emissions
  • 3.2. Stellar Explosions
  • 4.1. Direct Effects
  • 4.2. Indirect Effects
  • 5. Rates
  • 6. Conclusions
  • Acknowledgments
  • References
  • Further Reading
  • When and Where of Water in the History of the Universe / Othon C. Winter
  • 1. Introduction. Why is Water Essential for Life?
  • 2. What Is Water?
  • 2.1. Chemical Properties of Water
  • 2.2. Physical Properties
  • 3. When Did Water Appear?
  • 3.1. Primordial Nucleosynthesis
  • 3.2. Energy Production in Stars
  • 3.3. Stellar Nucleosynthesis
  • 3.4. Water Molecule
  • 4. Distribution of Water in the Universe
  • 4.1. Water in Galaxies
  • 4.2. Water in Stars and Interstellar Space
  • 4.3. Water in Planetary Disks
  • 4.4. Water in Extrasolar Planets
  • 4.5. Water in the Solar System
  • 5. Water and Life
  • Acknowledgments
  • References
  • Further Reading
  • Cosmic Evolution of Biochemistry / Charles H. Lineweaver
  • 1. Big Bang to Pale Blue Dots
  • 2. First Stars: The Increasing Metallicity of POP III and POP II stars
  • 3. Influence of C/O on the Rocky Planet Composition
  • 4. Ubiquity of Habitable Planetary Systems
  • 5. What Can Terrestrial Life Tell us About Extraterrestrial Life?
  • 6. Conclusion
  • References
  • Astrophysical and Cosmological Constraints on Life / Peter L. Biermann
  • 1. Introduction
  • 1.1. Formation of the Elements of Life
  • 1.2. Protection of Life on Planets
  • 1.3. Assumptions
  • 2. Hazardous Radiation and Particles
  • 2.1. Solar/Stellar Energetic Particles (SEPs)
  • 2.2. Galactic Cosmic Rays (GCRs)
  • 2.3. Extragalactic Cosmic Rays (EGCRs)
  • 2.4. Star Formation Rate (SFR)
  • 3. Local Astrophysical Threats to Life
  • 3.1. Supernovae (SNe)
  • 3.2. Gamma-Ray Bursts (GRBs)
  • 3.3. Nearby Super-Massive Black Holes (SMBHs)
  • 3.4. Galaxy Mergers and SMBH Mergers
  • 3.5. AGN, SMBHs, and Ultra-Luminous X-Ray Sources (ULXs)
  • 3.6. Galactic Center SMBH
  • 4. Planetary Protection
  • 4.1. Rise of the Elements
  • 4.2. Galactic Magnetic Fields: Protection From EGCRs
  • 4.3. Astrospheres: Protection From GCRs
  • 4.4. Planetary Magnetic Fields: Protection From GCRs and SEPs
  • 4.5. Atmosphere: A Strong Last Line of Protection
  • 5. Habitability in Space and in Time
  • 5.1. Super-Galactic Habitable Zone (SGHZ)
  • 5.2. Galactic Habitable Zone (GHZ)
  • 5.3. Circumstellar Habitable Zone
  • 6. Life as We Know It in the Universe
  • 7. Summary of Conclusions
  • References
  • Further Reading
  • Primitive Carbon: Before Earth and Much Before Any Life on It / Chaitanya Giri
  • 1. Introduction: The Foundational Carbon
  • 2. Viewing the First Billion Years of the Universe
  • 3. Origin of Metallicity
  • 3.1. Brief Overview of POP-II Stars
  • 3.2. Carbon-Enhanced Metal Poor Stars
  • 4. Carbon: The Reactant and Substrate in the Early Universe
  • 4.1. Carbon Monoxide: The Reactant
  • 4.2. Carbonaceous Dust: The Substrate
  • 4.3. Dust-Grain Interaction: Escalating Organic Enrichment
  • 5. Finding Organics: Analogues of High-Redshift Galaxies in the Local Universe
  • 5.1. Signatures of Organics in the Local Universe
  • 5.2. AGB Stars: Refuge for Organics?
  • 6. Conclusion: Where Does the Science of Origins of Habitability Go from Here?
  • 6.1. First Yardstick of Finding Habitability in the Ancient Universe
  • 6.2. Cutting-Edge Science of Origins
  • Acknowledgments
  • References
  • pt. 2 PREDICTING HABITABILITY
  • Habitability of Our Evolving Galaxy / Ian S. Morrison
  • 1. Introduction
  • 2. Habitability
  • 3. Exoplanet Era
  • 4. Habitability of the Milky Way
  • 5. Habitability of Other Galaxies
  • 6. Transient Radiation Events
  • 7. Habitability of the Galaxy Before the Earth
  • 8. Conclusions and Future Outlook
  • References
  • N-Body Simulations and Galactic Habitability / Branislav Vukotic
  • 1. Framing the Big Question: Where are We?
  • 2. Habitability Properties
  • 2.1. Metallicity
  • 2.2. Star Formation Rate
  • 2.3. Dynamical Properties
  • 2.4. Galactic Habitable Zone
  • 3. N-Body Simulations: Galactic Habitability in Dynamical Perspective
  • 3.1. Description
  • 3.2. Metallicity and SFR
  • 3.3. Model Accuracy and Limitations
  • 4. Simulations
  • 4.1. General Description
  • 4.2. Habitability Calculations
  • 4.3. Comparison of Models
  • 4.4. Results
  • 4.5. Habitability Before the Earth Was Formed
  • 4.6. Discussion
  • 5. Comparison With Other Studies
  • 5.1. Habitability of Other Galaxies in the Dynamical Perspective
  • 6. Conclusions and Future Prospects
  • Acknowledgments
  • References
  • Occupied and Empty Regions of the Space of Extremophile Parameters / Jill A. Mikucki
  • 1. Introduction
  • 2. Parameter Space of Extremophilic Organisms on Earth
  • 2.1. Hyperthermophiles
  • 2.2. Psychrophiles
  • 2.3. Extreme Halophiles
  • 2.4. Tolerance for Low Water Activity
  • 2.5. pH Extremophiles
  • 2.6. Missing Life in Poly-Extremophilic Parameter Spaces
  • 2.7. Radiation- and Pressure-Resistant Extremophiles: Parameter Spaces Analogous to the Interstellar Medium
  • 3. Settings for Life in our Solar System: Physiochemical Parameter Space on Mars, Europa, Titan, and Enceladus
  • 3.1. Mars
  • 3.2. Europa: "Earth-like" Subsurface Ocean
  • 3.3. Titan and Enceladus: Active Cryovolcanism on Moons of Saturn
  • 3.4. Settings for Life in our Solar System: Plausible Ecosystems Based on Analog Niches
  • 4. Conclusion
  • References
  • Further Reading
  • Emergence of Structured, Living, and Conscious Matter in the Evolution of the Universe: A Theory of Structural Evolution and Interaction of Matter / Jack A. Tuszynski
  • 1. Introduction
  • 2. Physics of Matter and Structural Evolution
  • 3. Building the Biostructure: The Mystery of Life
  • 4. Rhythms in the Dynamics of Structured Matter
  • 5. Emergence of Intelligence
  • 6. Microstructural Evolution, Learning, Self-Organization, and Semantics
  • 7. What is Balanced Excitation and Inhibition?
  • 8. Genetic Basis of Brain Disorders and Aging
  • 9. On the Origin of Time, Matter, and Intelligence of Life
  • 10. What is Holding us Back in Artificial Intelligence?
  • 11. Incomplete Models, the Theory of Everything
  • 12. Summary of Theoretical Concepts
  • New Predictions
  • 13. Conclusion
  • Acknowledgments
  • References
  • Further Reading
  • pt.
  • 3 LIFE IN THE COSMIC SCALE
  • Life Before Earth / Richard Gordon
  • 1. Increase of Genetic Complexity Follows Moore's Law
  • 2. Age of Life Is Estimated Based on Moore's Law
  • 3. How Variable Are the Rates of Evolution?
  • 4. Why Did Genome Complexity Increase Exponentially?
  • 5. Could Life Have Started From the Equivalent of One Nucleotide?
  • 6. How Heritable Surface Metabolism May Have Evolved Into an RNA-World Cell?
  • 7. How Can Organisms Survive Interstellar Transfer?
  • 8. Implications of the Cosmic Origin of Life on Earth
  • 9. Genetic Complexity Lags Behind the Functional Complexity of Mind
  • 10. Extrapolating the Growth of Complexity Into the Future
  • 11. Biosemiotic Perspective
  • 12. Conclusion
  • Acknowledgments
  • References
  • Earth Before Life / Ulvi Yurtsever
  • 1. Background
  • 2. Method
  • 2.1. Regression Effect
  • 2.2. Regression Dilution
  • 2.3. Estimating Measurement Errors
  • 3. Results and Discussion
  • 4. Conclusions
  • Acknowledgments
  • References
  • Drake Equation as a Function of Spectral Type and Time / Ravi K. Kopparapu
  • 1. Introduction
  • 2. Constraints From Observations
  • 2.1. Rate of Star Formation
  • 2.2. Fraction of Stars With Planets
  • 2.3. Number of Habitable Planets Per System
  • 3. Constraints From Theory
  • 3.1. Fraction of Habitable Planets That Develop Life
  • 3.2. Fraction of Life-Bearing Planets That Develop Intelligence
  • 3.3. Fraction of Intelligence-Bearing Planets That Become Communicative
  • 4. Rethinking the Longevity Parameter
  • 4.1. Equal Evolutionary Time
  • 4.2. Proportional Evolutionary Time
  • 5. Discussion
  • 6. Conclusion
  • References
  • Are We the First: Was There Life Before Our Solar System? / Sohan Jheeta
  • 1. Introduction
  • 2. Big Bang and the Elements
  • 3. Interstellar Medium
  • Holes in the Sky
  • 4. Making Organic Molecules
  • Cradle for Life?
  • 4.1. Astrochemistry
  • 4.2. Atmospheric Boundaries
  • 4.3. Clay and Mineral Surfaces
  • 4.4. Atmospheric Lightning
  • 5. Origin of Life per se: Current Hypotheses
  • 5.1. Panspermia Hypothesis
  • 5.2. Metabolism First Hypothesis
  • 5.3. Genetics First Hypothesis
  • 5.4. Vesicles First Hypothesis
  • 6. Virus Connection
  • 7. Extremophiles
  • The Resilience of Life
  • 8. Balance of Probability: Life Before Our Solar System
  • 9. Final Say
  • Best Fit Solution?
  • References
  • Life Before its Origin on Earth: Implications of a Late Emergence of Terrestrial Life / Julian Chela-Flores
  • 1. Introduction
  • 1.1. Time Available Before the Emergence of Life on Earth
  • 1.2. Rationalizing Our Origins in Terms of Thermodynamics.
  • Note continued: 2. How Would We See Ourselves if Early Origins are Identified?
  • 2.1. Approaching the End of Biocentrism if Life on Earth is a Latecomer
  • 2.2. Anthropocentrism
  • 3. Philosophical Comments on an Early "Forest of Life"
  • 3.1. Process Philosophy
  • 3.2. Stellar Evolution
  • 3.3. Cultural Comments on an Early Forest of Life
  • 4. Terrestrial Life as a Latecomer in Cosmic Evolution
  • 5. Conclusion
  • References
  • Further Reading
  • pt. 4 SYSTEM PROPERTIES OF LIFE
  • Symbiosis: Why Was the Transition from Microbial Prokaryotes to Eukaryotic Organisms a Cosmic Gigayear Event? / Richard Gordon
  • 1. Introduction
  • 2. Eukaryogenesis as Symbiosis
  • 3. Order of Events Resulting in Eukaryotes
  • 4. What on Earth Happened When Prokaryotes Were Its Only Habitants?
  • 5. Why Did It Take So Long for Eukaryotes to Appear on Earth?
  • 5.1. Geophysiochemical Waiting
  • 5.2. Biological Waiting
  • 6. Semantic Approaches to Eukaryogenesis
  • 7. Evolution of Prokaryotes Prior to Eukaryogenesis
  • 8. Conclusion
  • Acknowledgments
  • References
  • Coenzyme World Model of the Origin of Life / Alexei A. Sharov
  • 1. Introduction
  • 2. Problems With Existing Models of the Origin of Life
  • 3. Components, Functions, and Evolution of First Living Systems
  • 3.1. Life on the Surface
  • 3.2. Evolutionary Potential of the Coenzyme World
  • 3.3. Diversification of Molecular Communities
  • 4. Evolution From Oil Droplets to LUCA
  • 4.1. Template-Based Replication
  • 4.2. Bilayer Membrane
  • 4.3. Chromosomes
  • 4.4. Protein Synthesis
  • 5. Discussion
  • Acknowledgments
  • References
  • Emergence of Polygonal Shapes in Oil Droplets and Living Cells: The Potential Role of Tensegrity in the Origin of Life / Stoyan K. Smoukov
  • 1. Introduction
  • 2. Shaped Droplets
  • 3. Oil-Based Protocells
  • 4. Polygonal Prokaryotes
  • 5. Mechanisms Controlling the Shapes of Prokaryote Cells
  • 6. Possible Functions of a Polygonal Shape of Cells
  • 7. Polygonal Diatoms
  • 8. Conclusion
  • Acknowledgments
  • Appendix Overview of Tensegrity Structures
  • Toy Model for the Polygonal Shape of Shaped Droplets
  • References
  • Further Reading
  • Why on Theoretical Grounds It Is Likely that "Life" Exists Throughout the universe / Jagers op Akkerhuis
  • 1. Introduction
  • 2. Closing the Observation Gap
  • 2.1. Measurements
  • 2.2. Statistics
  • 3. Closing the Definition Gap
  • 3.1. Operator Hierarchy
  • 3.2. O-life
  • 3.3. S-life
  • 4. Analyzing the Use of Epochs
  • 5. Why on Theoretical Grounds It Is Likely that "Life" Exists Throughout the Universe
  • 5.1. What Does the Concept of "Life" Refer To?
  • 5.2. Can Definitions of O-life or S-life be Generalized to Extra-Terrestrial Situations?
  • 5.3. Can the Concept of "Life As We Don't Know" Be Specified?
  • 5.4. What Theoretical Reasoning Supports the Likelihood of "Life's" Existence Throughout the Universe?
  • 6. Discussion
  • 6.1. Organisms, O-life and S-life
  • 6.2. Life As We Don't Know
  • 6.3. What Can be Added to Current Epoch Systems?
  • 7. Conclusions
  • References
  • Further Reading.

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