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Light scattering by ice crystals : fundamentals and applications /
This volume outlines the fundamentals and applications of light scattering, absorption and polarization processes involving ice crystals.
| Clasificación: | Libro Electrónico |
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| Autores principales: | , |
| Otros Autores: | |
| Formato: | Electrónico eBook |
| Idioma: | Inglés |
| Publicado: |
Cambridge :
Cambridge University Press,
2016.
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| Temas: | |
| Acceso en línea: | Texto completo |
Tabla de Contenidos:
- Cover; Half title; Title; Copyright; Epigraph; Contents; Preface; 1 Ice in the Earth's atmosphere; 1.1 Introduction to clouds; 1.2 Geographical and temporal distributions of ice in the Earth's atmosphere; 1.2.1 A global perspective on clouds; 1.2.2 An example of global cloud climatology; 1.2.3 View from ground-based instruments; 1.2.4 View from specific satellite instruments; 1.3 Formation of ice crystals; 1.3.1 The structure of ice crystals; 1.3.2 Homogeneous and heterogeneous nucleation; 1.3.3 Atmospheric ice nuclei; 1.3.4 Secondary ice particle production; 1.4 Growth of ice crystals.
- 1.4.1 Growth by diffusion1.4.2 Growth by accretion; 1.5 Illustration of ice crystal morphology; 1.5.1 Some historical perspectives; 1.5.2 Classification of ice crystals; 1.5.3 Computer generation of three-dimensional ice crystals; 1.6 Ice crystal size and shape distributions in cirrus clouds; 1.6.1 Introductory remarks; 1.6.2 Ice crystal size and shape spectra; 1.6.3 Correlation between ice crystal maximum dimension and width; 1.7 Correlation between ice water content and ice crystal size; 1.7.1 Introductory note; 1.7.2 Correlation analysis; 1.8 Numerical modeling of cirrus cloud formation.
- 1.8.1 A review1.8.2 A two-dimensional cirrus cloud model; 1.8.2.1 Ice microphysics; 1.8.2.2 Radiative transfer; 2 Fundamentals of light scattering by ice crystals; 2.1 Introductory remarks; 2.2 Maxwell's equations, wave equations, and boundary conditions; 2.2.1 Maxwell's equations; 2.2.2 Boundary conditions; 2.2.2.1 Normal components; 2.2.2.2 Tangential components; 2.2.3 Wave equations and some analytic solutions; 2.2.3.1 Spherical coordinates; 2.2.3.2 Cylindrical coordinates; 2.2.3.3 Spheroidal coordinates; 2.3 Optical properties of ice: index of refraction.
- 2.3.1 Complex index of refraction and dispersion of light2.3.2 Optical properties of ice; 2.3.3 Indices of refraction for ice; 2.4 Definition of the single-scattering and polarization properties of ice crystals; 2.4.1 Representation of a simple wave; 2.4.2 Representation of electromagnetic waves by Stokes parameters; 2.4.3 Scattering phase matrix for an ice crystal; 2.4.4 Extinction cross-section for a non-spherical ice crystal; 2.4.5 Scattering phase matrix for an ensemble of ice crystals; 2.4.6 Some examples of the single-scattering properties of ice spheres, cylinders, and spheroids.
- 2.5 Introduction to radiative transfer in ice crystal clouds: link to single scattering2.5.1 Formulation of scalar and vector radiative transfer equations; 2.5.2 Radiative transfer in horizontally oriented ice particles; 3 Principles of geometric optics for application to light scattering by ice crystals; 3.1 Application of geometric optics to light scattering by ice crystals; 3.1.1 Snell's and Fresnel's laws for geometric optics; 3.1.2 Absorption effects in the context of geometric optics; 3.1.3 Geometric ray tracing and the Monte Carlo hit-and-miss approach to ice crystals.