Environmental and Low Temperature Geochemistry

Bibliographic Details
Main Author: Ryan, Peter
Format: Electronic eBook
Language:Inglés
Published: Newark : John Wiley & Sons, Incorporated, 2014.
Series:New York Academy of Sciences Ser.
Subjects:
Electronic books.
Online Access:Texto completo
Table of Contents:
  • Intro
  • Environmental and Low Temperature Geochemistry
  • Copyright
  • Contents
  • Acknowledgements
  • About the Companion Website
  • 1 Background and Basic Chemical Principles: Elements,Ions,Bonding,Reactions
  • 1.1 An Overview of Environmental Geochemistry
  • History, Scope, Questions, Approaches, Challenges for the Future
  • 1.2 The Naturally Occurring Elements
  • Origins and Abundances
  • 1.3 Atoms and Isotopes: A Brief Review
  • 1.4 Measuring Concentrations
  • 1.4.1 Mass-based concentrations
  • 1.4.2 Molar concentrations
  • 1.4.3 Concentrations of gases
  • 1.4.4 Notes on precision and accuracy, significant figures and scientific notation
  • 1.5 Periodic Table
  • 1.6 Ions, Molecules, Valence, Bonding, Chemical Reactions
  • 1.6.1 Ionic bond strength
  • 1.6.2 Covalent bonds
  • 1.6.3 Electronegativity
  • 1.6.4 Metallic bonds, hydrogen bonds and van der Waals forces
  • 1.7 Acid-Base Equilibria, PH, K Values
  • 1.8 Fundamentals of Redox Chemistry and Chemical Reactions
  • 1.9 Chemical Reactions
  • 1.10 Equilibrium, Thermodynamics and Driving Forces for Reactions: Systems, Gibbs Energies, Enthalpy And Heat Capacity, Entropy, Volume
  • 1.10.1 Systems, species, phases and components
  • 1.10.2 First law of thermodynamics
  • 1.10.3 Second law of thermodynamics
  • 1.10.4 Enthalpy
  • 1.10.5 Heat capacity
  • 1.10.6 Gibbs free energy
  • 1.10.7 Gibbs free energy and the equilibrium constant
  • 1.11 Kinetics and Reaction Rates: Distance From Equilibrium, Activation Energy, Metastability
  • 1.11.1 Reaction rate, reaction order
  • 1.11.2 Temperature and the Arrhenius equation
  • Review Questions
  • References
  • 2 Surficial and Environmental Mineralogy
  • 2.1 Introduction to Minerals and Unit Cells
  • 2.2 Ion Coordination, Paulingś Rules and Ionic Substitution
  • 2.2.1 Coordination and radius ratio
  • 2.2.2 Bond-strength considerations
  • 2.2.3 Paulingś and Goldschmidtś rules of ionic solids
  • 2.3 Silicates
  • 2.3.1 Nesosilicates
  • 2.3.2 Inosilicates
  • 2.3.3 Phyllosilicates
  • 2.3.4 Tectosilicates
  • 2.4 Clay Minerals (T-O Minerals, T-O-T Minerals, Interstratified Clays)
  • 2.4.1 Smectite
  • 2.4.2 Smectites with tetrahedrally derived layer charge
  • 2.4.3 Smectites with octahedrally derived layer charge
  • 2.4.4 Vermiculite
  • 2.4.5 Illite
  • 2.4.6 Chlorite and Berthierine
  • 2.4.7 Kaolin (kaolinite and halloysite)
  • 2.4.8 Interstratified clay minerals
  • 2.4.9 Trace metals and metalloids in clay minerals
  • 2.5 Crystal Chemistry of adsorption and Cation Exchange
  • 2.5.1 Cation exchange
  • 2.5.2 Double-layer complexes
  • 2.6 Low-Temperature Non-Silicate Minerals: Carbonates, Oxides and Hydroxides, Sulfides, Sulfates, Salts
  • 2.6.1 Carbonates
  • 2.6.2 Oxides and hydroxides
  • 2.6.3 Sulfides and sulfates
  • 2.6.4 Halide and nitrate salts
  • 2.7 Mineral Growth and Dissolution
  • 2.8 Biomineralization
  • Review Questions
  • References

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