State accountability for space debris : a legal study of responsibility for polluting the space environment and liability for damage caused by space debris /

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In State Accountability for Space Debris Peter Stubbe examines the legal consequences of space debris pollution -- which he argues is a global environmental concern -- under the two distinct accountability regimes of responsibility and liability.--

Detalles Bibliográficos
Clasificación:Libro Electrónico
Autor principal: Stubbe, Peter (Jurist) (Autor)
Formato: Electrónico eBook
Idioma:Inglés
Publicado: Leiden : Brill Nijhoff, 2017.
Colección:Studies in space law ; v. 12.
Temas:
Space debris > Law and legislation.
Space law.
Jus cogens (International law)
Government accountability.
Jus cogens.
Obligation de rendre compte (Administration publique)
LAW > International.
Government accountability
Space debris > Law and legislation
Space law
Space.
Space debris.
Pollution of space.
State responsibility.
Space objects.
Convention on International Liability for Damage Caused by Space Objects [London, Moscow, Washington, D.C., 29 March 1972].
Acceso en línea:Texto completo
Tabla de Contenidos:
  • Intro
  • State Accountability for Space Debris: A Legal Study of Responsibility for Polluting the Space Environment and Liability for Damage Caused by Space Debris
  • Copyright
  • Contents
  • Acknowledgements
  • List of Abbreviations
  • Introduction
  • A Environmental Degradation and Accountability
  • I Space Debris Pollution in the Context of Global Environmental Degradation
  • II The Preventive Function of Accountability
  • B Research Question and Research Approach
  • I Research Question
  • II Research Approach
  • 1 The Space Debris Environment
  • A Introduction
  • B The Pollution of Outer Space with Space Debris
  • I Adverse Effects of Space Activities
  • II Sources of Space Debris
  • 1 The Nature of Space Debris
  • 2 Fragmentation Sources
  • 3 Non-fragmentation Sources
  • III The Current Space Object Environment
  • IV The Prospective Development of the Space Debris Environment
  • V Natural Sinks of Space Debris
  • C Space Debris as a Threat to the Utilization of Outer Space
  • I The Utilization of Outer Space
  • II Adverse Effects of Space Debris Pollution
  • 1 Accidental Collisions with Operational Satellites
  • 2 Space Objects Impacting the Earth's Surface
  • 3 Security Policy
  • III Managing the Threat Stemming from Space Debris Pollution
  • 1 Understanding the Space Debris Environment: Space Surveillance
  • 2 The Shielding of Operational Spacecraft
  • 3 Space Debris Mitigation
  • 4 Reentry Safety Measures
  • 5 Active Debris Removal
  • D Preliminary Conclusion
  • 2 The Applicable Accountability Law: Responsibility and Liability Distinguished
  • A Introduction
  • B State Responsibility
  • I The Origin of State Responsibility
  • II The ILC and State Responsibility
  • 1 Codification of the Rules of State Responsibility
  • 2 Content Overview on the ILC Articles on State Responsibility
  • 3 Status of the ILC Articles on State Responsibility.
  • III International Space Law
  • 1 General Remarks on International Space Law
  • 2 State Responsibility in International Space Law
  • IV State Responsibility Compared: General International Law and Space Law
  • 1 Overview
  • 2 Concurrent Development and Dynamic Interpretation
  • 3 The Fact of State Responsibility
  • 4 Specific Attribution Rule in International Space Law
  • 5 Interim Conclusion
  • C State Liability
  • I Origin of State Liability
  • II The ILC and State Liability
  • 1 Codification of the Rules of State Liability
  • 2 Content Overview of the ILC Instruments
  • 3 Status of the ILC Instruments
  • III Other International Liability Law
  • 1 Civil Liability Regimes
  • 2 The 'Polluter Pays' Principle
  • IV International Space Law
  • 1 Space Activities as Hazardous Activities
  • 2 Liability in International Space Law
  • D Preliminary Conclusion
  • I The Applicable Law
  • II Responsibility and Liability Distinguished: Critical Discussion
  • 1 Functional Differentiation
  • 2 Regime Follows Function
  • 3 Obligations of Space Debris Mitigation
  • A Introduction
  • B Conventional Law
  • I Article IX of the Outer Space Treaty: Overview
  • II Systematic Context of Article IX Sentence 2 of the Outer Space Treaty: A Limitation of the Principle of Free Use
  • 1 The Principle of Free Use in the Outer Space Treaty
  • 2 Limitations to the Principle of Free Use
  • 3 Dogmatic Foundation of the Principle of Free Use and Its Limitations
  • III The Scope and Content of Article IX Sentence 2 of the Outer Space Treaty
  • 1 Applicability to All Space Activities
  • 2 The Concept of 'Harmful Contamination'
  • 3 The Nature of the Obligation
  • 4 Substantive Obligations: Adoption of Appropriate Measures
  • IV Application to Space Debris
  • 1 Space Debris as a Harmful Contamination of Outer Space
  • 2 Obligations
  • V Interim Conclusion
  • C Customary Law.
  • I The Prohibition of Transboundary Environmental Harm: Overview
  • II The Dogmatic Foundation of the 'No Harm' Rule
  • III The Scope and Content of the 'No Harm' Rule
  • 1 Significant Transboundary Environmental Harm
  • 2 Applicability to Outer Space
  • 3 The Nature of the Obligation
  • 4 Substantive Obligations
  • IV Application to Space Debris
  • 1 Space Debris as Serious Environmental Harm
  • 2 Obligations
  • V Interim Conclusion
  • D General Principles of International Law
  • I Sustainable Development: Overview
  • II Content of Sustainable Development
  • 1 Principle of Intergenerational Equity
  • 2 Precautionary Principle
  • 3 Principle of Common but Differentiated Responsibilities
  • 4 Common Heritage of Mankind Principle
  • III Legal Status and Function of Sustainable Development
  • 1 Legal Status
  • 2 The Function of Sustainable Development as a Means for Interpretation
  • IV Application to Space Debris
  • V Interim Conclusion: Sustainable Development as Reflection of a Paradigm Shift in International Environmental Law
  • E Other Sources-Measures of Space Debris Mitigation
  • I 'Soft Law' Requirements as a Specification of Conventional and Customary International Law
  • II Space Debris Mitigation Instruments
  • 1 The Main Universal Space Debris Mitigation Documents: Overview
  • 2 UNCOPUOS Mitigation Guidelines
  • 3 IADC Space Debris Mitigation Guidelines
  • 4 European Code of Conduct for Space Debris Mitigation
  • 5 ISO International Standard 24113 'Space systems-Space debris mitigation requirements'
  • III Common Space Debris Mitigation Standards
  • 1 Limitation of Mission-related Objects
  • 2 Prevention of In-orbit Break-ups
  • 3 Post-mission Disposal
  • 4 Collision Avoidance
  • 5 Other Requirements
  • IV Interim Conclusion
  • F Preliminary Conclusion
  • 4 The Elements of State Responsibility and Space Debris
  • A Introduction.
  • B The Objective Element: The Breach of an International Legal Obligation
  • I The Law
  • II Application to Space Debris
  • C Subjective Element: Responsible State
  • I The Law
  • 1 State of Nationality
  • 2 Appropriate State
  • 3 State of Registry
  • 4 Launching State
  • 5 Interim Conclusion
  • II Application to Space Debris
  • 1 Establishing the Link between the Debris Object and the Responsible State
  • 2 Obstacles to the Effectiveness of Space Surveillance Systems
  • D Responsibility Involving More than One State
  • I The Law
  • 1 Joint Responsibility
  • 2 International Intergovernmental Organizations
  • II Application to Space Debris
  • E Preclusion of Accountability: Circumstances Precluding Wrongfulness
  • I The Law
  • 1 Rationale of Circumstances Precluding Wrongfulness
  • 2 Positive Preclusion of Wrongfulness
  • 3 Negative Preclusion of Wrongfulness
  • II Application to Space Debris
  • 1 Consent
  • 2 Lawful Measure of Self-defense
  • 3 Countermeasure
  • 4 Force Majeure
  • 5 Necessity and Distress
  • F Consequences
  • I The Law
  • 1 Continued Duty of Performance, Cessation and Non-repetition
  • 2 Reparation for Injury
  • 3 Concerning Serious Breaches of Ius Cogens
  • II Application to Space Debris
  • 1 Continued Duty of Performance, Cessation and Non-repetition
  • 2 Reparation for Injury
  • 3 Space Environmental Protection Norms as Ius Cogens?
  • G Invocation
  • I The Law
  • 1 The Different Characters of Obligations: Bilateral, Owed to a Group of States, and Owed to the International Community as a Whole
  • 2 Entitlement to Invocation: 'Injured State' and the 'State other than the Injured State'
  • II Application to Space Debris
  • 1 Characterizing Space Environmental Protection Norms
  • 2 The Invocation of Responsibility for Violations of Debrisrelated Space Environmental Protection Norms.
  • 3 The UN Security Council as an Agent of the International Community
  • H Implementation and Enforcement
  • I The Law
  • 1 The Peaceful Settlement of Disputes
  • 2 Countermeasures
  • II Application to Space Debris
  • 1 Dispute Settlement
  • 2 Countermeasures
  • I Preliminary Conclusion
  • 5 The Elements of State Liability and Space Debris
  • A Introduction
  • B The Objective Element: Causation of Damage by a Space Object
  • I The Law
  • 1 Damage
  • 2 Causation by a Space Object
  • 3 Standard of Liability
  • II Application to Space Debris
  • 1 Damage
  • 2 Causation by Space Debris
  • 3 Absolute and Fault Liability
  • C The Subjective Element: Launching State
  • I The Law
  • II Application to Space Debris
  • D Liability Involving More than One State
  • I The Law
  • 1 Joint Liability
  • 2 International Intergovernmental Organizations
  • II Application to Space Debris
  • E Preclusion of Accountability: Exoneration from Liability
  • I The Law
  • II Application to Space Debris
  • F Consequences
  • I The Law
  • II Application to Space Debris
  • G Invocation
  • I The Law
  • II Application to Space Debris
  • H Implementation and Enforcement
  • I The Law
  • II Application to Space Debris
  • I Preliminary Conclusion
  • 6 Study Results and Perspectives on Further Regulation
  • A Results
  • I The Elements of Accountability
  • 1 Objective Element
  • 2 Subjective Element
  • 3 Accountability Involving More than One State
  • 4 Preclusion of Accountability
  • 5 Consequences
  • 6 Invocation
  • 7 Implementation and Enforcement
  • II Responsibility and Liability: Between Congruity and Dichotomy
  • 1 Essential Differences
  • 2 Partial Overlap
  • 3 Cross-regime Application of Individual Norms
  • B Perspectives of Implementation
  • I Further Regulation Required
  • II The Current State of Discussion in International Fora.

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