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Basic Methods for Assessment of Renal Fluoride Excretion in Community Prevention Programmes for Oral Health.
This manual informs about practical procedures inassessment of renal fluoride excretion based on experience fromexisting national fluoridation programmes. Theassessment tools will primarily be useful inassisting countries in achieving an effectivefluoride exposure. It is a hope that the manual wills...
| Clasificación: | Libro Electrónico |
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| Autor principal: | |
| Formato: | Electrónico eBook |
| Idioma: | Inglés |
| Publicado: |
Geneva :
World Health Organization,
2014.
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| Colección: | Nonserial Publications.
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| Temas: | |
| Acceso en línea: | Texto completo |
Tabla de Contenidos:
- Cover; Contents; Acronyms and abbreviations; Preface; Acknowledgements; 1 Introduction; 1.1 Background; 1.2 Sources of fluoride intake in humans; 1.3 Fluoride metabolism and excretion; 1.4 Biomarkers of fluoride exposure; 1.5 Urinary fluoride assessments in population oral health; 1.6 Areas of uncertainty; 2 General design of study; 2.1 Background; 2.2 Identification of participants; 2.3 Sampling; Location; Number of subjects; Age groups; Frequency; Time of study and number of days; 2.4 Methods of monitoring; 2.4.1 24-hour urine collection.
- 2.4.2 Timed collections of urine obtained from defined periods of a day3 Methods for collecting urine, and for handling and evaluating results; 3.1 Recording of information; 3.1.1 General information; Figures; Figure 3.1 Example of daytime label used in time-controlled collections, to be attached to the urine collecting jar (WHO Form No. 96392, modified); Figure 3.2 Overnight urine collection label used in time-controlled collections (WHO Form No. 96393); Figure 3.3 Summary record form of urine collection from a group of children in time-controlled collections (WHO Form No. 96391).
- 3.1.2 Personal informationFigure 3.4 Sample invitation; Figure 3.5 Questionnaire on use of fluoride supplements and toothpaste; 3.2 Essential preparatory practices; 3.2.1 Pre-collection planning approaches; 4 Twenty-four hour urine collection; 4.1 Procedure; 4.2 Fluoride and creatinine concentrations; 4.3 Information to be recorded; 4.4 Determination of fluoride in urine; 4.5 General rules for tabulation and processing of data; 5 Design of the final report for 24-hour urine collection; 5.1 Introduction; 5.2 Materials and methods; 5.3 Results; Tables.
- Table 5.1 Urinary fluoride excretion data from 24-hour urine collections5.4 Discussion and conclusion; 5.5 Summary; 5.6 Tables for the 24-hour collection method; Table 5.2 Criteria for cleaning data from children aged 2-6 years, from 24-hour collections; Table 5.3 Standards for urinary fluoride excretion (mg/24-hour cycle): lower and upper margins; Table 5.4 Calculated daily urinary fluoride excretion associated with low, optimal and high fluoride intake for ages 1-14 years.
- Table 5.5 Calculated daily urinary fluoride excretion associated with low, optimal and high fluoride intake for broader age groups6 Collections of 8-18 hours (within the 24-hour cycle); 6.1 Collection of nocturnal urine and during periods of high excretion; 6.2 Optional calculations obtained from time-controlled urine collection
- Use of a standardized format; 6.2.1 Coded recordings of personal data and individual fluoride exposure; 6.2.2 Standard table for surveys with 24-hour collections; 6.2.3 Standard table for surveys with two collections totalling 14-16 hours, using MS Excel.