Pseudoscience : The Conspiracy Against Science /

"In a post-truth, fake news world, we are particularly susceptible to the claims of pseudoscience. When emotions and opinions are more widely disseminated than scientific findings, and self-proclaimed experts get their expertise from Google, how can the average person distinguish real science f...

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Detalles Bibliográficos
Otros Autores: Kaufman, James C. (Editor ), Kaufman, Allison B., 1976- (Editor )
Formato: Electrónico eBook
Idioma:Inglés
Publicado: Cambridge, Massachusetts : The MIT Press, [2018]
Colección:Book collections on Project MUSE.
Temas:
Pseudoscience.
REFERENCE > Questions & Answers.
Parasciences.
Electronic books.
Acceso en línea:Texto completo
Tabla de Contenidos:
  • Intro
  • Contents
  • Foreword: Navigating a Post-Truth World: Ten Enduring Lessons from the Study of Pseudoscience
  • Acknowledgments
  • Introduction: Pseudoscience: What It Costs and Efforts to Fight It
  • I. The Basics of Pseudoscience
  • 1. Pseudoscience and the Pursuit of Truth
  • Doubting Science
  • The Demarcation Fallacy
  • Boundary Work
  • The Pseudoscientific Threat
  • References
  • 2. The Psychology of (Pseudo)Science: Cognitive, Social, and Cultural Factors
  • The Psychology of Science
  • What Is Scientific Thinking?
  • Individual Factors: Cognition and Metacognition
  • Social Factors
  • Cultural Factors
  • Summary and Conclusions
  • Author's Note
  • References
  • 3. The Illusion of Causality: A Cognitive Bias Underlying Pseudoscience
  • The Adaptive Bias in Pattern Detection
  • Correct Estimation of Causality
  • Biased Estimation of Causality
  • Factors That Produce the Causal Illusion
  • An Example from Pseudo-medicine
  • Simple Conditioning Models and Causal Illusions
  • The Bright Side of Causal Illusions
  • Conclusions
  • Acknowledgments
  • References
  • 4. Hard Science, Soft Science, and Pseudoscience: Implications of Research on the Hierarchy of the Sciences
  • Comte's Hierarchy of the Sciences
  • Empirical Indicators of Hierarchical Placement
  • Genuine versus Pseudoscience
  • Pseudoscientific Beliefs within the Hierarchy
  • Discussion
  • References
  • II. What Pseudoscience Costs Society
  • 5. Food-o-science Pseudoscience: The Weapons and Tactics in the War on Crop Biotechnology
  • Dinner, an Easy Target for Charlatans
  • The Danger of Soft Sortascience
  • Human Misery Spawns Agriculture
  • Directed Human Intervention in Genetic Improvement
  • The Food-o-scientist Toolbox
  • Specific Examples of Food-o-science
  • Conclusion
  • References.
  • 6. An Inside Look at Naturopathic Medicine: A Whistleblower's Deconstruction of Its Core Principles
  • Introduction
  • A Brief History of Naturopathic Theory
  • Naturopathic Medicine Today and Its Six Principles
  • First, Do No Harm
  • The Healing Power of Nature
  • Identify and Treat the Root Cause of Disease
  • Doctor as Teacher
  • Treat the Whole Person
  • Prevention
  • Conclusion
  • Notes
  • References
  • 7. Risky Play and Growing Up: How to Understand the Overprotection of the Next Generation
  • Introduction
  • Play's Complexity-More Than Having Fun
  • Benefits of Risky Play
  • Evolutionary Function of Play and Risky Play
  • Attempts to Regulate Play's Riskiness
  • The Science of Risk Perception
  • Normal Fear and Pathological Anxiety
  • The Function of Fear: Avoidance and Safety Behaviors
  • Phobias
  • The Problem with Believing Worry Is Helpful: Parents Worry
  • Generalized Anxiety Disorder: Exaggerated Worry
  • The Knock-On Implications for Older Members of Society: The Infantilization of Our Young Adults and the Peculiar Case of Trigger Warnings
  • Students Are Not More Vulnerable Than the General Population
  • Universities Need Academic and Intellectual Freedom
  • How to Treat Exaggerated Negative Emotional Reactions
  • Not Learning to Cope Is to Not Mature Adequately
  • How Too Much Safety and Protection Can Be Harmful
  • Conclusions
  • References
  • 8. The Anti-Vaccine Movement: A Litany of Fallacy and Errors
  • Naturalistic Fallacy: A View That What Is Natural Is Inherently Good and What Is Unnatural Inherently Bad
  • Nirvana Fallacy (Perfect Solution Fallacy): The View That If a Solution Is Not Perfect, It Is Worthless
  • Shifting the Burden of Proof (See Onus Probandi): "I Need Not Prove My Claim, You Must Prove It Is False."
  • Anecdotal Fallacy: Using a Personal Experience or Examples to Extrapolate Without a Statistically Significant Number of Cases That Could Provide Scientifically Compelling Evidence
  • False Authority (Single Authority): Using an Expert of Dubious Credentials
  • Moving the Goalposts (Raising the Bar): After Evidence Is Presented in Response to a Specific Claim, Some Other (Often Greater) Evidence Is Demanded
  • Genetic Fallacy: Where a Conclusion Is Based Solely on Something or Someone's Origin, With No Regard to Current Meaning or Context
  • Appeal to Motive: Where a Premise Is Dismissed by Calling into Question the Motives of Its Proposer
  • Cherry Picking: Pointing to Individual Cases or Data That Seem to Confirm a Particular Position, While Ignoring a Significant Portion of Related Cases or Data That May Contradict That Position
  • Bad Science or Math
  • Middle Ground: Saying That the Middle Point between Two Extremes Must Be the Truth
  • Escape to the Future: Claiming That an Idea Will Soon Prevail Because the Emerging Evidence Is Just Around the Corner. "Science Was Wrong Before": Science Has Been Wrong in the Past, Therefore Science Cannot Be Trusted Now
  • Finally, No Discussion of the Anti-Vaccine Movement Would Be Complete Without a Discussion of Conspiracy Theories and Deception
  • Deception
  • Conclusion
  • Note
  • References
  • III. Scientific (or Pseudoscientific) Soundness
  • 9. Understanding Pseudoscience Vulnerability through Epistemological Development, Critical Thinking, and Science Literacy
  • Introduction
  • Science Literacy
  • Critical Thinking
  • Epistemological Development
  • Media Distortions of Science: The Spread of Pseudoscience
  • The Mindfulness Movement
  • The State of the Research
  • Media Claims by High-Profile Mindfulness Figures
  • Getting Beyond the Hype
  • Where the Field Needs to Go.
  • Addressing Pseudoscience Vulnerability
  • References
  • 10. Scientific Failure as a Public Good: Illustrating the Process of Science and Its Contrast with Pseudoscience
  • Introduction
  • The Structure of Scientific Failures
  • The OPERA Experiment and Faster-Than-Light Neutrinos
  • BICEP2 and Primordial Gravitational Waves
  • Hydrino Physics and the Structure of Pseudoscience
  • Conclusions
  • Appendix A: The OPERA Experiment
  • Appendix B: The BICEP2 Experiment
  • Appendix C: "Hydrino" Physics
  • Note
  • References
  • 11. Evidence-Based Practice as a Driver of Pseudoscience in Prevention Research
  • Introduction
  • The Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration's National Registry
  • A Systems Approach to Understanding Pseudoscience in Drug Prevention Research
  • Discussion
  • Notes
  • References
  • 12. Scientific Soundness and the Problem of Predatory Journals
  • Introduction
  • Setting the Scene
  • Predatory Journals are Enabling the Publishing and Distribution of Much Pseudoscience
  • Motivations for Authoring Pseudoscience and Submitting It to Scholarly Publications
  • The Imprimatur of Science
  • Payments from Authors and the Breakdown of Demarcation
  • Pseudoscience at the Journal Level
  • Information Resources Are Polluted by Research Published in Predatory Journals
  • The Rise of Boundary Work
  • Looking Ahead: Scholarly Publishing and the Dissemination of Pseudoscience
  • References
  • 13. Pseudoscience, Coming to a Peer-Reviewed Journal Near You
  • References
  • IV. Pseudoscience in the Mainstream
  • 14. "Integrative" Medicine: Integrating Quackery with Science-Based Medicine
  • Pseudoscience Insinuates Itself in Medical Academia and Medicine
  • What Is "Integrative Medicine"?
  • The Problem with Integrative Medicine
  • The Blind Spot of Evidence-Based Medicine
  • Integrative Medicine: Harms versus Questionable Benefits.
  • "Integrating" Quackery: The Future of Medicine?
  • References
  • 15. Hypnosis: Science, Pseudoscience, and Nonsense
  • Popular Media and Hypnosis
  • Is Hypnosis a Trance State?
  • Hypnotic Phenomena
  • Hypnosis and Psychotherapy
  • Conclusions
  • References
  • 16. Abuses and Misuses of Intelligence Tests: Facts and Misconceptions
  • Can Intelligence Be Defined as a Singular Construct?
  • The Definition of Intelligence
  • Intelligence as a Quotient
  • Is Intelligence a Fixed Construct?
  • Broad Theories of Intelligence
  • Pseudoscience
  • Conclusions
  • References
  • 17. Reflections on Pseudoscience and Parapsychology: From Here to There and (Slightly) Back Again
  • Introduction
  • Early Years
  • Epiphany
  • Type I Skeptics
  • Type II Skeptics
  • Science, Nonscience, and Pseudoscience
  • The Scientific Status of Parapsychology
  • Conclusion
  • Note
  • References
  • V. Science Activism: How People Think about Pseudoscience
  • 18. Using Case Studies to Combat a Pseudoscience Culture
  • First Things First: What Is Science?
  • Who Are Scientists and Where Do We Find Them?
  • The Canons of Science
  • Commandments for the Scientist in the Lab and Field
  • Commandments for the Scientist Interacting with Society
  • How Scientists Can Go Wrong-"Methinks It Is Like a Weasel"
  • Case Studies-A Rehearsal for Life
  • Using Case Studies to Teach about Science
  • Pseudoscience and How Do We Deal with It?
  • What's the Harm of Pseudoscience?
  • Can We Train People (Students) to Detect Pseudoscience?
  • What Is a Teacher to Do?
  • Is It Hopeless?
  • Final Thoughts
  • Acknowledgments
  • References
  • 19. "HIV Does Not Cause AIDS": A Journey into AIDS Denialism
  • Discovering Denialism
  • Just the Fake Facts
  • Meet Joe Newton
  • Entering the Dark Side
  • A Network of Denialism
  • It Gets Worse
  • AIDS Denialism in the Courts
  • Where We Stand
  • References.

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