The neurobiology of the Gilles De La Tourette syndrome and chronic tics. Part B /

Detalles Bibliográficos
Clasificación:Libro Electrónico
Otros Autores: Lavoie, Marc E., Cavanna, Andrea E.
Formato: Electrónico eBook
Idioma:Inglés
Publicado: Cambridge, MA : Academic Press, 2022.
Colección:International review of movement disorders ; v. 4.
Temas:
Tourette syndrome > Pathophysiology.
Acceso en línea:Texto completo
Tabla de Contenidos:
  • Intro
  • The Neurobiology of the Gilles De La Tourette Syndrome and Chronic Tics: Part B
  • Copyright
  • Contents
  • Contributors
  • Preface: Current and cutting-edge research on the neurobiology of the Gilles de la Tourette syndrome
  • Section IV: New etiological models: from fundamental neurobiology to applied science
  • Chapter One: The genetic basis of Gilles de la Tourette syndrome
  • 1. Introduction
  • 2. Early studies
  • 2.1. Heritability and segregation analysis
  • 2.2. Linkage studies
  • 2.3. Candidate gene association studies
  • 2.4. Chromosomal alterations
  • 3. Genome-wide association studies (GWAS)
  • 3.1. Polygenic risk
  • 4. Rare variation in TS
  • 4.1. Single-nucleotide and indel variants
  • 4.2. Copy number variation
  • 5. Pathway analysis
  • 6. Epigenetic studies
  • 7. Cross-disorder analysis
  • 8. Conclusions and questions for further research
  • References
  • Chapter Two: Studying the pathophysiology of tic disorders in animal models
  • 1. Introduction
  • 2. The study of pathophysiology in animal model systems
  • 3. Models of cortico-striatal hyperactivity
  • 4. Models of elevated dopamine in the basal ganglia
  • 5. Local striatal disinhibition
  • 6. Interneuron manipulations
  • 7. Genetic models
  • 8. Conclusion
  • References
  • Chapter Three: The neural-immune crosstalk in Tourette syndrome: From immunobiology to epistemology
  • 1. Introduction
  • 2. Immunogenetics of TS
  • 2.1. Genomics
  • 2.2. Transcriptomics
  • 2.3. Epigenetics
  • 3. Extra-genetic and environmental predisposing factors
  • 3.1. Prenatal period
  • 3.2. Delivery/perinatal period
  • 3.3. Post-natal life (infections, autoimmune disease, life stressors)
  • 4. Immunophenotypes
  • 4.1. Systemic immune activation
  • 4.2. Autoantibodies
  • 4.3. CNS inflammation
  • 5. Comorbidities: Confounders or epiphenomena?
  • 6. Immune-based therapies.
  • 7. Insights from animal studies
  • 8. The longstanding debate on the role of group a streptococcus in Tourette syndrome: An epistemological framework
  • References
  • Chapter Four: Functional connectivity in the Gilles de la Tourette syndrome
  • 1. Introduction
  • 2. Functional connectivity
  • 3. Applications of functional connectivity to TS
  • 3.1. Differences in functional connectivity between TS patients and controls
  • 3.2. Associations between functional connectivity and clinical, behavioral, and cognitive measures in TS
  • 3.2.1. Symptom severity
  • 3.2.2. Tic suppression
  • 3.2.3. Impulsivity
  • 4. Limitations and future directions
  • References
  • Chapter Five: Perception-action integration in Gilles de la Tourette syndrome
  • 1. Introduction
  • 2. The role of perceptual processing in Gilles de la Tourette syndrome (GTS)
  • 2.1. Premonitory urges
  • 2.2. Hypersensitivity to external stimuli
  • 2.3. Abnormalities in sensorimotor integration
  • 3. Theory of Event Coding (TEC)
  • 3.1. The concept of TEC
  • 3.2. Neural mechanism underlying TEC
  • 4. TEC as an explanatory framework for GTS
  • 4.1. Object file processing in GTS
  • 4.2. Action file processing in GTS
  • 4.3. Event file processing in GTS
  • 4.4. A summary of recent findings
  • References
  • Section V: Current pharmacological treatment of the Gilles de la Tourette syndrome
  • Chapter Six: The pharmacological treatment of Tourette syndrome
  • 1. Introduction
  • 2. Alpha-receptor agonists
  • 3. Anticonvulsants
  • 4. Dopamine receptor antagonists
  • 4.1. D2 receptor antagonists
  • 4.2. D1 receptor antagonists
  • 5. Dopamine depleting agents
  • 6. Muscle relaxants
  • 7. Cannabis-based medicine
  • 8. Traditional Chinese herbal medicine
  • 9. Other medications
  • 10. Treatment of Tourette syndrome with comorbid ADHD and OCD
  • 11. Decision making on management of tic disorder.
  • 12. Conclusions
  • Financial disclosure/Conflict of interest
  • References
  • Chapter Seven: Atypical antipsychotics for treatment of Tourette syndrome
  • 1. Background
  • 1.1. Natural history
  • 1.2. Neurobiology
  • 1.3. General treatment considerations
  • 2. Methods
  • 3. Results
  • 3.1. Typical antipsychotics
  • 3.2. Atypical antipsychotics
  • 3.2.1. Risperidone
  • 3.2.2. Aripiprazole
  • 3.2.3. Ziprasidone
  • 3.2.4. Olanzapine
  • 3.2.5. Quetiapine
  • 3.2.6. Metoclopramide
  • 3.2.7. Clozapine
  • 3.3. Newer atypical antipsychotics
  • 3.3.1. Iloperidone
  • 3.3.2. Asenapine
  • 3.3.3. Lurasidone
  • 3.3.4. Paliperidone
  • 3.4. Substituted benzamides
  • 3.4.1. Tiapride
  • 3.4.2. Sulpiride
  • 3.4.3. Amisulpride
  • 4. Conclusions
  • References
  • Chapter Eight: Ecopipam: A D1 receptor antagonist for the treatment of Tourette syndrome
  • 1. Introduction
  • 2. Summary of clinical studies of ecopipam in TS
  • 2.1. Open label safety and efficacy in adults (ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT01244633)
  • 2.2. Double-blind placebo-controlled safety and efficacy in pediatrics (ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT02102698)
  • 2.3. Open label extension study
  • 2.4. Double-blind, placebo-controlled D1AMOND studies (ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT04007991) and long-term extensio ...
  • 3. Discussion
  • 4. Summary
  • References
  • Chapter Nine: Alpha agonists for the treatment of Tourette syndrome
  • 1. Pharmacology of alpha agonists in Tourette syndrome
  • 2. Pharmacoepidemiology of alpha agonist use for Tourette syndrome
  • 3. Review of randomized controlled trials of clonidine and guanfacine for the treatment of Tourette syndrome
  • 3.1. Clonidine
  • 3.2. Guanfacine
  • 3.3. Adverse effects of alpha agonists
  • 3.4. Evidence-based recommendations on the use of alpha agonists in people with tics
  • References.
  • Section VI: Innovative treatments of the Gilles de la Tourette syndrome
  • Chapter Ten: Cannabinoids: Possible role in the pathophysiology and therapy of Gilles de la Tourette syndrome
  • 1. Introduction
  • 2. Role of the endocannabinoid system (ECS) in the pathophysiology of GTS
  • 3. Clinical evidence supporting an involvement of the ECS in GTS
  • 3.1. Meta-analysis (level I)
  • 3.2. Randomized controlled trials (level II)
  • 3.2.1. RCTs using dronabinol (THC)
  • 3.2.2. RCTs using the endocannabinoid modulator Lu AG06466 (ABX-1431)
  • 3.3. Case series and open-label studies (level III)
  • 3.4. Case reports (level IV)
  • 3.4.1. Case studies in adults and adolescents with GTS
  • 3.4.2. Case studies in children with GTS
  • 4. Practical clues regarding the use of CBM in patients with GTS and future directions
  • References
  • Chapter Eleven: Novel potential avenues for the therapy of Tourette syndrome: Cannabinoid- and steroid-based interventions
  • 1. Introduction: Pathophysiology and therapy of tic disorders
  • 2. Cannabinoids and the endocannabinoid system
  • 3. Effects of cannabinoids and cannabis in TS: Current evidence and challenges
  • 4. Steroids and steroidogenesis
  • 5. Role of steroids in TS: Current evidence and potential mechanisms
  • 6. Conclusions and future perspectives
  • Acknowledgments
  • References
  • Chapter Twelve: Non-invasive brain stimulation for the treatment of Tourette�s syndrome
  • 1. Introduction
  • 2. Basics of transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS)
  • 2.1. Plasticity
  • 2.2. Pairing
  • 2.3. Precision
  • 2.4. How is transcranial magnetic stimulation used in youth?
  • 2.5. TMS safety
  • 3. Key cortical targets in Tourette�s syndrome
  • 4. Application of transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) in Tourette�s syndrome
  • 4.1. Supplementary motor area
  • 4.2. Motor cortex
  • 4.3. Parietal cortex
  • 5. Conclusions.

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