Alkali-activated materials in environmental technology applications /

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"Alkali-activated materials, including geopolymers, are being studied at an increasing pace for various high-value applications. The main drivers for this emerging interest include the low-energy, low-cost, and readily up-scalable manufacturing process; the possibility to utilize industrial was...

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Detalles Bibliográficos
Clasificación:Libro Electrónico
Otros Autores: Luukkonen, Tero
Formato: Electrónico eBook
Idioma:Inglés
Publicado: [S.l.] : Woodhead Publishing, 2022.
Colección:Woodhead Publishing series in civil and structural engineering.
Temas:
Green technology.
Acceso en línea:Texto completo
Tabla de Contenidos:
  • Front Cover
  • Alkali-Activated Materials in Environmental Technology Applications
  • Copyright Page
  • Contents
  • List of contributors
  • Preface
  • 1 Alkali-activated materials in environmental technology: introduction
  • 1.1 Scope of this book
  • 1.2 Definition of the key terminology
  • 1.3 The origins of alkali-activated materials
  • 1.4 Beyond construction materials
  • 1.5 Summary
  • References
  • 2 Chemistry and materials science of alkali-activated materials
  • 2.1 Fundamental chemistry
  • 2.1.1 Reactivity in alkaline media
  • 2.1.2 Low CaO-content aluminosilicate sources
  • 2.1.3 High CaO-content aluminosilicate sources
  • 2.1.4 Moderate CaO-content aluminosilicate sources
  • 2.2 Structural models
  • 2.2.1 Structural models for C-S-H gel
  • 2.2.2 Structural models for N-A-S-H gel
  • 2.3 Concluding remarks
  • References
  • 3 Geopolymeric nanomaterials
  • 3.1 Introduction
  • 3.2 Primer of geopolymer chemistry for syntheses of geopolymeric nanomaterials
  • 3.2.1 Geopolymerization reaction
  • 3.2.2 Geopolymerization as "top-down" synthetic process
  • 3.2.3 Geopolymer-an innately "nanostructured" material
  • 3.3 Examples of geopolymer nanomaterial synthesis and applications
  • 3.3.1 Synthesis and applications of nanoporous geopolymer with meso- and macropores
  • 3.3.1.1 Synthesis
  • 3.3.1.2 Arsenic removal from ground water
  • 3.3.1.3 Catalysts for biodiesel production
  • 3.3.2 Exploration of geopolymer chemistry for small particle production and applications
  • 3.3.2.1 Synthesis
  • 3.3.2.2 Antimicrobial application
  • 3.3.2.3 Bacterial toxin removal in therapeutic application
  • 3.3.2.4 Energy-saving multifunctional hybrid additives in asphalt
  • 3.4 Concluding remarks
  • References
  • 1 Fabrication of alkali-activated materials for environmental applications
  • 4 Highly porous alkali-activated materials
  • 4.1 Introduction.
  • 4.2 Material porosity
  • 4.3 Effect of composition and synthesis conditions
  • 4.3.1 In situ zeolite formation
  • 4.4 Micro- and mesoporous filler addition
  • 4.5 Process induced porosity
  • 4.6 Direct foaming
  • 4.7 Templating agents
  • 4.8 Additive manufacturing
  • 4.9 Summary and conclusions
  • References
  • 5 Granulation techniques of geopolymers and alkali-activated materials
  • 5.1 Introduction
  • 5.2 Granulation techniques
  • 5.2.1 Wet granulation
  • 5.2.2 Fluidized bed granulation
  • 5.3 Granulation of alkaline-activated materials
  • 5.3.1 High shear granulation and heat formation
  • 5.3.2 Suspension dispersion solidification method and foaming
  • 5.4 Properties of granules
  • 5.5 Utilization of geopolymer granules
  • 5.5.1 As adsorbents in wastewater treatment
  • 5.6 Other applications
  • 5.7 Conclusions
  • References
  • 6 Surface chemistry of alkali-activated materials and how to modify it
  • 6.1 Introduction
  • 6.2 Surface characteristics and properties of alkali-activated materials
  • 6.2.1 Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy
  • 6.2.2 Infrared spectroscopy
  • 6.2.3 Raman spectroscopy
  • 6.2.4 X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy
  • 6.2.5 Surface charge properties
  • 6.2.6 Specific surface area and nanometer-scale porosity
  • 6.2.7 Other analytical techniques
  • 6.3 Modification methods of alkali-activated materials
  • 6.3.1 Surface modification with organosilicon compounds
  • 6.3.2 Surface esterification
  • 6.3.3 Acid or base treatment
  • 6.3.4 Ion exchange
  • 6.3.5 Composite materials
  • 6.3.6 Conversion into zeolites
  • 6.4 Conclusions
  • References
  • 2 Water and wastewater treatment
  • 7 Alkali-activated materials as adsorbents for water and wastewater treatment
  • 7.1 Introduction
  • 7.2 Occurring trends in scientific literature
  • 7.3 Different strategies to use alkali-activated materials as adsorbents.
  • 7.4 Water pollutants removed by alkali-activated materials
  • 7.5 Adsorption of heavy metals by AAMs
  • 7.6 Adsorption of dyes by AAMs
  • 7.7 Adsorption of other water pollutants by AAMs
  • 7.8 Regeneration after sorption
  • 7.9 Bridging the gap between bench-scale studies and pilot-scale trials
  • 7.10 Performance comparison with benchmark materials
  • 7.11 Conclusions and future trends
  • Acknowledgments
  • References
  • 8 Alkali-activated materials as photocatalysts for aqueous pollutant degradation
  • 8.1 Introduction
  • 8.2 Alkali-activated materials and geopolymers
  • 8.3 Geopolymer-based photocatalysts
  • 8.3.1 Supported geopolymer-based heterogeneous photocatalysts
  • 8.3.1.1 TiO2-supported geopolymer based photocatalysts
  • 8.3.1.2 Photocatalysts based on other catalytically active metal oxides supported on geopolymer substrates
  • 8.3.2 Geopolymer composites as photocatalysts
  • 8.3.3 Alkali-activated materials as photocatalysts
  • 8.4 Concluding remarks
  • 8.4.1 Summary of the chapter
  • 8.4.2 Shortcomings of the reported literature
  • 8.4.3 Prospects for the future development of these photocatalysts
  • References
  • 9 Alkali-activated membranes and membrane supports
  • 9.1 Introduction
  • 9.2 Ceramic materials in membrane technology
  • 9.3 Alkali-activated materials as membranes
  • 9.3.1 Preparation of alkali-activated membranes
  • 9.3.2 Properties and applications of alkali-activated membranes
  • 9.4 Conversion of alkali-activated membranes into zeolites
  • 9.5 Conclusions
  • References
  • 10 Alkali-activated materials in passive pH control of wastewater treatment and anaerobic digestion
  • 10.1 Introduction
  • 10.2 Reasons for high pH in the pore solutions of alkali-activated materials
  • 10.3 Utilization prospects for alkali-activated materials in pH control
  • 10.3.1 Anaerobic digestion
  • 10.3.2 Nitrification.
  • 10.3.3 Acid mine drainage
  • 10.3.4 Preparation of alkali-activated materials for pH control applications
  • 10.4 Properties of alkali-activated pH control materials
  • 10.5 Conclusion
  • References
  • 3 Air pollution control
  • 11 Alkali-activated materials for catalytic air pollution control
  • 11.1 Introduction
  • 11.1.1 Geopolymer features
  • 11.2 Photocatalysis in air pollution control context
  • 11.3 Use of geopolymer structure as adsorbent and incorporation of transition metals
  • 11.3.1 Generation of active sites within the structure
  • 11.3.2 Dispersion of oxides by ion exchange
  • 11.3.3 Deposition and impregnation of other catalytic species
  • 11.4 Self-cleaning materials
  • 11.4.1 Self-cleaning testing
  • 11.5 Summaries on the reported cases studies and practical considerations
  • 11.6 Conclusion
  • References
  • 12 Adsorption of gaseous pollutants by alkali-activated materials
  • 12.1 Air emissions
  • 12.1.1 CO2 emission and capture
  • 12.2 Alkali-activated materials as potential adsorbents
  • 12.2.1 Geopolymers as CO2 adsorbents
  • 12.2.2 Geopolymer composites for CO2 adsorption
  • 12.2.2.1 Geopolymer composites: addition or nucleation of zeolites for CO2 adsorbents at low temperature
  • 12.2.2.2 Geopolymer composites: addition of hydrotalcites for CO2 adsorbents at intermediate temperature
  • 12.3 Alternative use and activation of fly ashes for the removal of gaseous pollutants
  • 12.4 Conclusions and future challenges
  • References
  • 4 Solid waste management
  • 13 Solidification/stabilization of hazardous wastes by alkali activation
  • 13.1 Introduction
  • 13.2 Chemistry of solidification/stabilization of heavy metals in alkali-activated materials
  • 13.2.1 Speciation of cationic heavy metals in alkali-activated materials
  • 13.2.2 Speciation of oxyanionic heavy metals in alkali-activated materials.
  • 13.2.3 Proposed mechanisms of heavy metal immobilization in geopolymer
  • 13.2.3.1 Charge balancing of Al tetrahedra
  • 13.2.3.2 Precipitation mechanism
  • 13.2.3.3 Covalent bonding mechanism
  • 13.2.3.4 Physical encapsulation mechanism
  • 13.3 Stabilization/solidification of real wastes
  • 13.3.1 Municipal waste
  • 13.3.1.1 Ashes from municipal solid waste incineration
  • 13.3.1.2 Waste from sewage sludge incineration
  • 13.3.2 Industrial waste
  • 13.3.2.1 Ash from coal and biomass power plants
  • 13.3.2.2 Mining tailings and wastes
  • Gold mine tailings
  • Zinc and copper-zinc mine tailings
  • Chromite ore processing residue
  • 13.3.2.3 Smelting slags and metallurgical wastes
  • Lead/zinc slags
  • Antimony, ferrochrome, ferronickel, and lithium slags
  • 13.3.2.4 Electroplating sludge
  • 13.3.2.5 Tannery sludge
  • 13.3.2.6 Red mud
  • 13.3.3 Other wastes
  • 13.4 Effect of alkaline activator
  • 13.5 Effect of Si/Al ratio
  • 13.6 Effect of metal dose
  • 13.7 Effect of sulfide
  • 13.8 Effect of calcium
  • 13.9 Effect of aging and kinetics of leaching
  • 13.10 pH of leaching solution
  • 13.11 Sequential extraction
  • 13.12 Comparison with Portland cement
  • 13.13 Conclusions
  • Abbreviations
  • References
  • 14 In situ sediment remediation with alkali-activated materials
  • 14.1 Introduction
  • 14.2 Factors affecting pollutant release from the sediment
  • 14.3 Remediation of contaminated sediments
  • 14.4 Alkali-activated materials: a brief introduction
  • 14.5 Alkali-activated materials as active caps or sediment amendment
  • 14.6 Conclusions
  • References
  • 5 Other environmental applications
  • 15 Antimicrobial alkali-activated materials
  • 15.1 Introduction
  • 15.2 Some material solutions against bacteria
  • 15.3 A state-of-the-art on antimicrobial alkali-activated materials.

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