Production of biodiesel from non-edible sources technological updates /

Detalles Bibliográficos
Clasificación:Libro Electrónico
Otros Autores: ARUMUGAM, A.
Formato: Electrónico eBook
Idioma:Inglés
Publicado: [S.l.] : Elsevier, 2022.
Temas:
Biodiesel fuels.
Biodiesel.
Biodiesel fuels
Acceso en línea:Texto completo
Tabla de Contenidos:
  • Front Cover
  • Production of Biodiesel from Non-Edible Sources
  • Copyright Page
  • Contents
  • List of contributors
  • 1 Introduction
  • 1.1 Overview of energy resources and consumption
  • 1.1.1 Energy and economy
  • 1.1.2 Global energy resources
  • 1.1.2.1 Coal
  • 1.1.2.2 Crude oil
  • 1.1.2.3 Natural gas
  • 1.1.2.4 Nuclear energy
  • 1.1.2.5 Hydropower
  • 1.1.2.6 Bioenergy
  • 1.1.2.7 Solar
  • 1.1.2.8 Wind energy
  • 1.1.2.9 Carbon capture and storage
  • 1.1.2.10 Marine energy
  • 1.1.2.11 Geothermal energy
  • 1.1.3 Recent advancements in energy resources
  • 1.2 Current production rate and demands for diesel fuel
  • 1.3 Biodiesel as a promising renewable energy carrier
  • 1.3.1 Catalyst
  • 1.3.1.1 Enzymatic catalyst
  • 1.3.1.2 Homogeneous catalyst
  • 1.3.1.3 Heterogeneous catalyst
  • 1.4 Need for non-edible oil as biodiesel feedstock
  • 1.4.1 Seed oil-producing plants
  • 1.4.2 Insects
  • 1.5 Conclusions
  • References
  • 2 Biodiesel and its properties
  • 2.1 Biodiesel and its properties
  • 2.2 Methods of biodiesel production
  • 2.2.1 Blending of crude oils or dilution
  • 2.2.2 Micro-emulsification
  • 2.2.3 Pyrolysis
  • 2.2.4 Transesterification: catalytic and non-catalytic (supercritical)
  • 2.2.4.1 Catalytic transesterification
  • 2.2.4.2 Non-catalytic transesterification biodiesel production process
  • 2.2.4.3 Esterification of non-edible oils
  • 2.2.5 Methods of transesterification
  • 2.2.5.1 Conventional (water bath, heating mantle, hot plate)
  • 2.2.5.2 Process intensification techniques
  • Microwave-assisted transesterification
  • Ultrasound-assisted transesterification
  • Hydrodynamic cavitation technique
  • Electrolysis technique
  • 2.3 Biodiesel standards and characterization
  • 2.3.1 ASTM and EN standards
  • 2.3.2 Quantification of biodiesel
  • 2.4 Properties and characteristics of non-edible biodiesel
  • 2.4.1 Water and sediment content
  • 2.4.2 Density
  • 2.4.3 Kinematic viscosity
  • 2.4.4 Lubricity
  • 2.4.5 Acid number
  • 2.4.6 Iodine number
  • 2.4.7 Cloud point and pour point
  • 2.4.8 Cold filter plugging point
  • 2.4.9 Flash point
  • 2.4.10 Cetane number
  • 2.4.11 Calorific value
  • 2.4.12 Sulfur content
  • 2.4.13 Sulfated ash
  • 2.4.14 Ester content
  • 2.4.15 Free and total glycerin
  • 2.4.16 Phosphorus content
  • 2.4.17 Copper strip corrosion
  • 2.4.18 Carbon residue
  • 2.4.19 Oxidative stability
  • 2.4.20 Group I metals (Na+K)
  • 2.4.21 Group II metals (Ca+Mg)
  • References
  • 3 Non-edible feedstock: necessity and societal implications
  • 3.1 International trends in food supply and demand
  • 3.2 Oil extraction methods
  • 3.3 Feedstock preparation
  • 3.3.1 Kernel extraction and drying
  • 3.3.2 Core extraction
  • 3.3.3 Drying the core
  • 3.3.4 Oil content of non-edible feedstocks
  • 3.4 Extraction techniques
  • 3.4.1 Mechanical extraction
  • 3.4.2 Chemical or solvent extraction
  • 3.4.3 Enzymatic extraction

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