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Modern permanent magnets /

Detalles Bibliográficos
Clasificación:	Libro Electrónico
Otros Autores:	Croat, John J. (Editor ), Ormerod, J. G. (John G.) (Editor )
Formato:	Electrónico eBook
Idioma:	Inglés
Publicado:	Cambridge : Woodhead Publishing, 2022.
Colección:	Woodhead Publishing series in electronic and optical materials.
Temas:	Permanent magnets. Aimants permanents. Permanent magnets
Acceso en línea:	Texto completo

Tabla de Contenidos:

Front cover
Half title
Full title
Copyright
Contents
Contributors
1
The history of permanent �magnets
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Lodestones: the first permanent magnets
1.3 Early permanent magnet studies
1.4 The era of steel permanent magnets
1.5 The discovery of alnico permanent magnets
1.6 The discovery of hard ferrite magnets
1.7 The discovery of Sm-Co permanent magnets
1.8 The discovery of NdFeB permanent magnets
1.9 The discovery of Sm-Fe-N permanent magnets
1.10 Future permanent magnet materials
1.11 Summary
References
2
Fundamental properties of permanent magnets
2.1 Introduction
2.2 The different families and types of permanent magnets
2.3 Key magnetic parameters
2.4 On the origin of magnetism
2.5 The different types of magnetism
2.6 The origin of anisotropy in permanent magnets
2.7 Magnetic domains and domain walls
2.8 Magnetic hysteresis
2.9 Coercivity mechanism in modern permanent magnets
2.10 Stability of permanent magnets
References
3
Recent advances in hard �ferrite magnets
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Historical overview of M-type Sr- and Ba- Hexaferrites
3.3 Crystal structure, intrinsic magnetic properties, microstructure and morphology
3.4 Advances towards the improvement of intrinsic magnetic properties
3.5 Industrial fabrication routes
3.5.1 Fabrication of hexaferrites
3.5.2 Bonded magnets
3.5.3 Sintered magnets
3.5.4 Additive manufacturing
3.6 Recycling efforts, recovery, and reusability in production line
3.7 Applications of hexaferrites: present and perspectives
References
4
Modern Sm-Co permanent magnets
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Manufacturing process of Sm-Co magnets
4.3 High (BH) max Sm 2 Co 17 type permanent magnets.
4.4 Temperature compensated Sm-Co magnets
4.5 Ultra-high temperature Sm-Co magnets with small reversible temperature coefficient of B r
4.6 Performance of Sm-Co magnets in special environments
4.7 Laminated Sm-Co magnets
4.8 Additive manufacturing
4.9 Small magnets
4.10 Sm-Co nanoparticles and nanoflakes for nanocomposite magnets
4.11 Summary
References
5
The status of sintered NdFeB magnets
5.1 Introduction
5.2 History of the development of Nd-Fe-B
5.2.1 How did the idea of NdFeB sintered magnets come about?
5.2.2 How were the NdFeB sintered magnets developed?
5.2.3 How was the discovery of NdFeB sintered magnets presented?
5.3 Compositions of the NdFeB sintered magnets and their magnetic properties
5.4 Production process for sintered NdFeB magnets
5.4.1 Preparation of raw material alloys (strip-casting method)
5.4.2 Hydrogen decrepitation (HD)
5.4.3 Jet milling
5.4.4 Application of lubricant to the powder surface
5.4.5 Magnetic field pressing
5.4.6 Sintering
5.4.7 Heat treatment
5.4.8 Machining
5.4.9 Surface treatment
5.4.10 Magnetization
5.5 Progress in the microstructure investigation
5.6 Development of HRE-Free and reduced HRE magnets
5.6.1 Development of the powder-blend method
5.6.2 Development of grain boundary diffusion process
5.6.3 Ga-doped NdFeB sintered magnets
5.6.4 Grain size refinement
5.7 Ultimate NdFeB sintered magnets for EV traction motors
References
6
Compression bonded NdFeB permanent magnets
6.1 Introduction
6.2 The compression molding process
6.3 Isotropic compression bonded NdFeB permanent magnets
6.4 Anisotropic hot deformed NdFeB compression bonded magnets
6.5 Compression molded HDDR permanent magnets
References
7
Injection molded permanent magnets.
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Overview of applications, basic parameters and materials
7.3 Manufacturing
7.4 Polarization patterns
7.5 Design of in-mold magnetized magnets
7.6 Design of pulse magnetized magnets
7.7 Applications
Sensors
7.8 Applications
Electrical machines
7.9 Summary
Acknowledgments
References
8
Hot formed NdFeB magnets
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Development of hot-formed Nd-Fe-B magnets
8.2.1 Previous examples of magnets made by plastic deformation
8.2.2 Invention of rapidly quenched Nd-Fe-B and application of hot deformation
8.2.3 Early studies and commercialization efforts
8.2.3.1 MQ2 and MQ3 (die-upset) commercialization efforts
8.2.3.2 Mode of deformation and alignment directions
8.2.3.3 Cast and rolled Pr-Fe-B
8.2.4 Commercialization of hot-deformed Nd-Fe-B magnets
8.2.4.1 Starting powders
8.2.4.2 Densification of rapidly quenched powders
8.2.4.3 Hot workability
8.2.4.4 Development of radially oriented rings
8.2.4.5 Rare-earth crisis and need for HREE-free magnets
8.2.4.6 Development of axially oriented plates
8.3 Characteristics of hot-deformed Nd-Fe-B magnets
8.3.1 Basic properties
8.3.2 Comparison with sintered Nd-Fe-B
8.3.2.1 Microstructure
8.3.2.2 Coercivity and thermal stability
8.3.2.3 Initial magnetization and minor loops
8.3.2.4 Corrosion resistance
8.3.2.5 Producibility
8.4 Fundamental research
8.4.1 Alignment mechanism
8.4.2 Coercivity mechanism
8.4.3 Grain boundary analyses and modification
8.4.4 Other notable research
8.5 Applications
8.5.1 Radially oriented rings
8.5.1.1 FA (Factory automation) servo motors
8.5.1.2 EPS (Electric power steering)
8.5.1.3 Assembly, magnetizing, banding
8.5.2 Axially oriented plates
8.5.2.1 EV/HEV traction motors.
8.6 Future outlook
8.6.1 Addressing resource and cost issues
8.6.2 Higher magnetic properties
8.6.3 Improvement of electrical resistance
8.6.4 Flexible shape extrusions
8.7 Concluding remarks
Acknowledgments
References
9
Bonded Sm-Fe-N permanent magnets
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Interstitial modification
9.3 Basic characteristics of Sm-Fe-N compounds
9.3.1 Crystal structure
9.3.2 Intrinsic magnetic properties
9.3.3 Dense Sm-Fe-N magnets
9.4 Magnet processing
9.4.1 Sm-Fe-N powder
9.4.1.1 Anisotropic Sm 2 Fe 17 N 3 powder
9.4.1.2 Isotropic SmFe 7-9 N powder
9.4.2 Production processes for bonded magnets
9.4.3 Magnetic properties of bonded magnets
9.5 Applications
9.5.1 Features of bonded Sm-Fe-N magnets
9.5.2 Application examples
9.6 Conclusion
Acknowledgments
References
10
Critical materials for permanent magnets
10.1 Introduction
10.2 What is a critical material?
10.3 Critical materials in permanent magnets
10.3.1 Growth of the market
10.3.2 The rare earth elements: a general introduction to their science and technology
10.3.3 Samarium-Cobalt
10.3.3.1 Criticality of samarium
10.3.3.2 Criticality of cobalt
10.3.4 Neodymium-Iron-Boron
10.3.4.1 Criticality of neodymium and praseodymium
10.3.4.2 Criticality of dysprosium, terbium and holmium
10.4 Effects of criticality on technology evolution, and vice versa
10.4.1 Conventional vehicles
10.4.2 Electric vehicles
10.4.3 Wind power
10.5 Source diversification
10.5.1 Samarium
10.5.2 Cobalt
10.5.3 Neodymium and praseodymium
10.5.4 Dysprosium, terbium and holmium
10.6 Substitution
10.6.1 Technology substitutions
10.6.1.1 LEDs vs fluorescent lamps, and their impact on magnet materials
10.6.2 Material substitutions.
10.6.2.1 Using Nd-Fe-B in place of Sm-Co after the cobalt crisis
10.6.2.2 Element substitutions within Nd-Fe-B
10.6.2.3 Praseodymium and neodymium
10.6.2.4 Terbium, dysprosium and holmium
10.6.2.5 Substitutes for the Nd-Fe-B family of alloys
10.6.2.6 Superconducting magnets
10.6.2.7 Gap magnets
10.6.2.8 Using Sm-Co in place of Nd-Fe-B
10.6.2.9 3-D printing of magnets
10.7 Summary
Acknowledgments
References
11
Permanent magnet coatings and testing procedures
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Magnet characteristics relevant to coating
11.2.1 Alnico
11.2.2 Ferrite
11.2.3 Samarium cobalt
11.2.4 Neodymium iron boron
11.2.5 Samarium iron nitride (SmFeN)
11.2.6 Bonded magnets
11.3 Coating permanent magnets
11.3.1 Surface preparation
11.3.2 Conversion coatings
11.3.3 Organic coatings
11.3.4 Parylene
11.3.5 Metallic plating
11.3.6 Aluminum ion vapor deposition (IVD)
11.3.7 Combination coatings
11.4 Coating test and evaluation
11.4.1 Temperatuire and humidity test
11.4.2 Autoclave (hygrothermal) test
11.4.3 Salt spray (fog) test
11.4.4 Other tests
11.5 Summary
References
12
Permanent magnet markets and applications
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Permanent magnet materials
12.3 Applications and markets
12.4 Price/Performance ratio for permanent magnet types
niche and mass market magnet materials
12.5 Current and future major applications and devices ( Constantinides, 2021
Benecki et al., 2021 )
12.5.1 Permanent magnet motors
12.5.2 Types of motors
12.5.3 Motor efficiency
12.5.4 Motor size and diversity
12.5.5 Information storage: computer hard disk and optical storage drives
12.5.6 Industrial and general use motors
12.5.7 Permanent magnets in transportation.

Modern permanent magnets /

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