NOx Emission Control Technologies in Stationary and Automotive Internal Combustion Engines : Approaches Toward NOx Free Automobiles /

NOx Emission Control Technologies in Stationary and Automotive Internal Combustion Engines: Approaches Toward NOx Free Automobiles presents the fundamental theory of emission formation, particularly the oxides of nitrogen (NOx) and its chemical reactions and control techniques. The book provides a s...

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Detalles Bibliográficos
Clasificación:Libro Electrónico
Otros Autores: Ashok, B. (Editor )
Formato: Electrónico eBook
Idioma:Inglés
Publicado: Amsterdam, Netherlands ; Oxford, United Kingdom ; Cambridge, MA : Elsevier, [2022]
Temas:
Internal combustion engines > Pollution control devices.
Moteurs �a combustion interne > Dispositifs antipollution.
Internal combustion engines > Pollution control devices
Acceso en línea:Texto completo
Tabla de Contenidos:
  • Intro
  • NOx Emission Control Technologies in Stationary and Automotive Internal Combustion Engines: Approaches Toward NOx Free Aut ...
  • Copyright
  • Contents
  • Contributors
  • Preface
  • About the editor
  • Chapter 1: Emission formation in IC engines
  • 1.1. Introduction
  • 1.2. Emission standards
  • 1.3. Exhaust pollutants from spark ignition engines
  • 1.3.1. Regulated emissions
  • 1.3.1.1. Hydrocarbon emissions
  • 1.3.1.2. Carbon monoxide emissions
  • 1.3.1.3. Oxides of nitrogen emissions
  • 1.3.1.4. Sulfur and lead emissions
  • 1.3.2. Unregulated emissions
  • 1.3.2.1. Aldehydes and ketones
  • 1.4. Exhaust pollutants from compression ignition engines
  • 1.4.1. Regulated emissions
  • 1.4.1.1. Hydrocarbons emissions
  • 1.4.1.2. Particulate matter
  • 1.4.1.3. Nitrogen oxides emissions
  • 1.4.1.4. Carbon monoxide emissions
  • 1.5. Environmental and health effects of engine emissions
  • 1.5.1. Primary pollutants
  • 1.5.2. Secondary pollutants
  • 1.6. SI engine emission formation and its root cause
  • 1.7. CI engine emission formation and its root cause
  • 1.8. Concept of emission mitigation technologies for NOx emissions
  • 1.8.1. Engine design and operation parameter-based NOx emission control
  • 1.8.1.1. Alteration of injection timing
  • 1.8.1.2. Technique of exhaust gas recirculation
  • 1.8.1.3. Usage of alcohols
  • 1.8.1.4. Alteration of injection pressure
  • 1.8.2. After treatment-based NOx emission control
  • 1.8.2.1. Three-way catalytic converter
  • 1.8.2.2. Selective catalytic reduction
  • 1.8.3. Other emission control techniques
  • 1.8.3.1. Diesel particulate filter
  • Active regeneration system
  • Passive regeneration systems
  • Continuously regenerating trap
  • 1.9. Conclusions
  • References
  • Chapter 2: NOx formation chemical kinetics in IC engines
  • 2.1. Introduction
  • 2.2. Chemical kinetic model of NO formation.
  • 2.3. Thermodynamic properties
  • 2.4. Reaction mechanism
  • 2.5. NOx formation in IC engines
  • 2.6. Thermal NO formation
  • 2.7. Prompt NO formation
  • 2.8. NO production from fuel nitrogen
  • 2.9. Mechanisms for the formation of NO
  • 2.9.1. Zeldovich mechanism
  • 2.9.2. Nitrous oxide mechanism
  • 2.9.3. Fenimore mechanism
  • 2.9.4. NNH mechanism
  • 2.10. Uncontrolled NOx emission levels in IC engines
  • 2.11. Factors influencing NOX emissions from IC engines
  • 2.11.1. Engine design and operating parameters
  • 2.11.2. Air-to-fuel ratio (A/F) and charging method
  • 2.11.3. Ignition timing
  • 2.11.4. Combustion chamber and valve design
  • 2.11.5. Engine combustion cycle
  • 2.11.6. Engine load and speed
  • 2.12. Effects of alternative fuel (biodiesel)
  • 2.12.1. Speed of sound
  • 2.12.2. Isentropic bulk modulus
  • 2.12.3. Radiative heat transfer
  • 2.12.4. Adiabatic flame temperature
  • 2.12.5. Combustion phasing
  • 2.12.6. Engine control strategy
  • 2.13. Ambient conditions
  • 2.14. Concluding remarks
  • References
  • Chapter 3: NOx and PM trade-off in IC engines
  • 3.1. Introduction
  • 3.2. Legislative norms aimed at controlling vehicular emissions
  • 3.3. NOx reduction techniques in IC engines
  • 3.3.1. Role of precombustion engine parameters and oxygenated fuels on NOx control
  • 3.3.2. Postcombustion NOx emission control techniques in IC engines
  • 3.4. Differences in PM emissions based on their nature and size
  • 3.5. PM control techniques in IC engines
  • 3.5.1. Precombustion factors influencing PM emission while operating on alternative fuels
  • 3.5.2. Influence of postcombustion PM emission control techniques in IC engines
  • 3.6. Trade-off relationship between NOx and PM emissions in IC engines
  • 3.6.1. Improving NOx-PM trade-off in IC engines
  • 3.6.2. Role of oxygenated additives and alternative fuels in NOx-PM trade-off.
  • 3.7. Simultaneous reduction of NOx and PM emissions
  • 3.7.1. Combined influence of alternative fuels and NOx-PM control techniques
  • 3.7.2. Limitations and challenges in simultaneous control of NOx-PM emissions
  • 3.8. Conclusion
  • References
  • Chapter 4: Effect of engine design parameters in NOx reduction
  • 4.1. Introduction
  • 4.2. Role of engine design parameters on NOx emission
  • 4.3. Effect of intake system design on NOx emissions
  • 4.4. Effect of injection system design on NOx emissions
  • 4.5. Design of combustion chamber
  • 4.6. Effects of chamber geometry on NOx emission
  • 4.7. Effects of chamber design parameters on NOx emissions
  • 4.8. Effect of compression ratio on NOx emissions
  • 4.9. Role of compression ratio in NOx mitigation for CI engines
  • 4.10. Role of compression ratio in NOx mitigation for SI engines
  • 4.11. Effect of valve timing and design on NOx emissions
  • 4.12. Effect of thermal barrier coating on NOx emissions
  • 4.13. Low-temperature combustion for NOx reduction
  • 4.14. Overall engine design requirements and considerations for NOx mitigation
  • 4.15. Conclusion
  • References
  • Chapter 5: Effect of engine operating parameters in NOx reduction
  • 5.1. Introduction
  • 5.2. Engine operating factors influencing NOx emissions in CI and SI engines
  • 5.3. Effect of fuel injection parameters on NOx emissions in CI engines
  • 5.3.1. Injection pressure
  • 5.3.2. Injection timing
  • 5.3.3. Injection duration
  • 5.4. Effect of fuel ignition parameters on NOx emissions in SI engines
  • 5.4.1. Spark timing
  • 5.4.2. Spark intensity
  • 5.4.3. Flame travel distance
  • 5.5. Effect of air-fuel/equivalence ratio on NOx emissions
  • 5.6. Effect of inlet conditions on NOx emissions
  • 5.6.1. Variable valve actuation
  • 5.6.2. Turbocharger
  • 5.6.3. Inlet air temperature.
  • 5.7. Effect of inlet condition of fuel on engine NOx emissions
  • 5.7.1. Dual fuel operation
  • 5.7.2. Fumigation
  • 5.8. Effect of coolant temperature on NOx emissions in CI and SI engines
  • 5.9. Effect of engine speed on NOx emissions
  • 5.10. Effect of engine load on NOx emissions
  • 5.11. Comparison of different operating parameters
  • 5.12. Conclusion
  • References
  • Chapter 6: Application of exhaust gas recirculation of NOx reduction in SI engines
  • 6.1. Introduction
  • 6.2. Different types of EGR set-up
  • 6.3. Stratified form of EGR
  • 6.4. Hot and cooled EGR
  • 6.5. Correlation between knock and NOx emissions
  • 6.6. EGR vs. NOx and soot emissions
  • 6.6.1. Fuel/air ratio on NOx emissions
  • 6.6.2. Effect of ignition timing on NOx emission
  • 6.7. EGR in advanced SI engines
  • 6.7.1. EGR in MPFI engines
  • 6.7.2. EGR in GDI engines
  • 6.7.3. EGR in lean-burn engines
  • 6.8. EGR implementation in advanced SI engines
  • 6.8.1. Turbocharged SI engine with EGR
  • 6.8.2. Natural gas-powered SI engine with dedicated EGR
  • 6.8.3. Hydrogen powered SI engine with dedicated EGR
  • 6.9. Conclusion
  • Acknowledgment
  • References
  • Chapter 7: Application of exhaust gas recirculation for NOx reduction in CI engines
  • 7.1. Introduction
  • 7.2. Exhaust gas recirculation
  • 7.3. Design configurations
  • 7.4. EGR operating window and significance
  • 7.5. EGR control strategies
  • 7.5.1. Mechanical control
  • 7.5.2. Electrical control
  • 7.5.3. Electronic/microcomputer control
  • 7.6. EGR implementation in conventional CI engines
  • 7.6.1. Under steady state
  • 7.6.2. Under transient state
  • 7.7. EGR implementation in advanced combustion CI engines
  • 7.7.1. HCCI
  • 7.7.2. PPCCI and PCCI
  • 7.7.3. RCCI
  • 7.8. EGR implementation for alternate fueled engines
  • 7.9. Effect of EGR on oil contamination, engine wear, and soot.
  • 7.10. EGR in conventional/advanced SI and CI engines-A comparison
  • 7.11. Conclusion
  • References
  • Chapter 8: NOx reduction in IC engines through after treatment catalytic converter
  • 8.1. Introduction
  • 8.2. Evolution of catalytic converter
  • 8.2.1. First-generation catalytic converter
  • 8.2.2. Second-generation catalytic converter
  • 8.2.3. Modern catalytic converter
  • 8.2.3.1. Three-way catalytic converter for SI engines
  • 8.2.3.2. Three-way catalytic converter for CI engines
  • Challenges in implementing three-way catalytic converters in CI engines
  • 8.3. Design and fabrication of three-way catalytic converters
  • 8.3.1. Heat capacity-catalytic surface area, cell density, wall thickness
  • 8.3.1.1. Significance
  • 8.3.2. Catalyst diameter
  • 8.3.2.1. Significance
  • 8.3.3. Flow distribution
  • 8.3.3.1. Significance
  • 8.3.4. Coating
  • 8.3.4.1. Significance
  • 8.3.5. Catalyst length
  • 8.3.5.1. Significance
  • 8.3.6. Fabrication of the three-way catalytic converter
  • 8.4. Catalysts for NOx control
  • 8.5. NOx reaction mechanism and chemical kinetics in three-way catalytic converter
  • 8.6. Factors affecting performance of three-way catalytic converters
  • 8.6.1. Thermal stability
  • 8.6.2. Backpressure
  • 8.6.3. Flow distribution
  • 8.6.4. Conversion efficiency
  • 8.6.5. Catalyst light-off temperature
  • 8.6.6. Cold start emission
  • 8.6.7. Lean burn emission
  • 8.6.8. Durability analysis of catalytic converters
  • 8.6.9. Control of engine air-fuel ratio with ECU
  • 8.7. Recent developments in catalytic converters
  • 8.8. Conclusion
  • References
  • Chapter 9: NOx reduction in IC engines through adsorbing technique
  • 9.1. Introduction
  • 9.2. Active NOx adsorption or lean NOx trap (LNT)
  • 9.2.1. LNT working characteristics
  • 9.3. Influences of exhaust gas species, temperature, and hydrogen in LNT.

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