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Physical oceanography of the Arctic Mediterranean Sea : exploration, observations, interpretations /
| Clasificación: | Libro Electrónico |
|---|---|
| Autor principal: | |
| Formato: | Electrónico eBook |
| Idioma: | Inglés |
| Publicado: |
Amsterdam :
Elsevier,
2022.
|
| Temas: | |
| Acceso en línea: | Texto completo |
Tabla de Contenidos:
- Front Cover
- The Physical Oceanography of the Arctic Mediterranean Sea
- Copyright Page
- Dedication
- Contents
- Preface
- Acknowledgment
- 1 From Nifelheim to Fram
- 1.1 In the Northern mist
- 1.2 The search for the Northeast and Northwest passages
- 1.3 A century of exploration
- 1.4 The circulation of the world ocean
- 1.5 The influence of warm ocean currents on the ice cover
- 1.6 The Fram expedition
- References
- 2 The Arctic environment
- 2.1 The global radiation balance and the high latitude climate
- 2.2 The atmospheric meridional energy transport
- 2.3 High-latitude atmospheric circulation patterns
- 2.4 The energy balance of the polar cap
- 2.5 Extent and major regions of the Arctic Mediterranean Sea
- 2.6 The surface currents, inflows, and outflows
- 2.7 The meridional freshwater transports and the sea ice cover
- References
- 3 Observing the Arctic Mediterranean Sea
- 3.1 In open water and at the ice edge (1900-40)
- 3.1.1 The Nordic Seas and the Barents Sea
- 3.1.2 Theoretical and technical advances
- 3.1.3 South and west of Greenland
- Baffin Bay, Davis Strait, and the Labrador Sea
- 3.1.4 Bering Strait
- 3.1.5 The Arctic Ocean boundaries, openings and shelves
- 3.2 Onto the ice and into the interior Arctic Ocean (1930-80)
- 3.2.1 Ice stations and ice islands
- 3.2.2 Airborne expeditions
- 3.3 Water mass distributions and the first interpretations and syntheses of the circulation in the Arctic Mediterranean
- 3.3.1 The Arctic Ocean
- 3.3.2 The connections between the Arctic Ocean and the Nordic Seas
- 3.3.3 Budgets
- 3.3.4 Overflows and the connections between the Arctic Mediterranean and the North Atlantic
- 3.3.5 The subpolar gyre and the North Atlantic
- 3.4 The development in observation, navigation, and communication techniques
- 3.5 Through, beneath, and above the ice (1980-2020).
- 3.5.1 The first scientific icebreaker and submarine expeditions
- 3.6 The Nordic Seas, the overflows, and the North Atlantic
- 3.7 Variability and change
- 3.7.1 The Arctic Ocean
- 3.7.2 The Greenland Sea
- 3.7.3 The Labrador Sea
- 3.7.4 The subpolar gyre and the overflows
- 3.8 The beginning of large international projects, culminating in the fourth Polar Year and beyond
- References
- 4 External forcing and local response
- 4.1 Sea ice
- reflector and insulator
- 4.2 Sea ice thermodynamics, freezing, and melting
- 4.3 Sea ice growth during winter
- 4.4 The mechanics and dynamics of sea ice
- 4.5 Leads and polynyas
- 4.6 Haline convection and water mass transformations
- 4.7 The spreading of brine-enriched water on shelves and down slopes
- 4.8 Sea ice melting from below, sensible heat polynyas
- 4.9 Open ocean deep convection
- 4.10 Ice formation and deep ocean convection, the Weddell Sea and the Greenland Sea
- 4.10.1 The Weddell polynya
- 4.10.2 The Greenland Sea
- References
- 5 The circulation and transformations of Atlantic water in the Arctic Mediterranean Sea
- 5.1 The North Atlantic
- 5.2 Atlantic water in the Norwegian Sea and north of Svalbard
- 5.3 Atlantic water in the Barents Sea
- 5.4 The waters leaving the Barents Sea
- 5.5 Interactions in the Nansen Basin East of the St Anna Trough
- 5.6 The circulation and water masses in the Eurasian Basin
- 5.7 The Amerasian Basin and the interactions between Pacific and Atlantic waters
- 5.8 The variability and circulation of the Atlantic water
- 5.9 The deep and bottom waters
- 5.10 The outflow areas
- 5.11 East Greenland Current and the outflow through Fram Strait
- 5.12 The Greenland slope and the Greenland Sea
- 5.13 The Iceland Sea and the overflows
- 5.14 The Irminger Sea
- 5.15 The Labrador Sea
- References.
- 6 The presence and importance of internal mixing processes in the Arctic Ocean
- 6.1 Diffusive interfaces and staircases in the Arctic Ocean
- 6.1.1 Laboratory and theoretical studies of diffusive interfaces
- 6.1.2 Diffusive staircases in the Arctic Ocean
- 6.2 Double-diffusive intrusions and interleaving
- 6.2.1 Early theoretical studies of interleaving at wide fronts
- 6.2.2 Laboratory experiments with narrow fronts
- 6.2.3 Intrusions and interleaving in the Arctic Ocean
- 6.2.4 A conceptual approach to estimate the intrusion thickness at a narrow front
- 6.2.5 The transports across the interfaces and the spreading of the intrusions
- 6.3 Connections between thermohaline intrusions, staircases, and eddies
- 6.4 The relation of thermohaline intrusions and staircases to other mixing processes
- References
- 7 Observed, computed, and deduced transports through the main gateways
- 7.1 From early point measurements to coordinated monitoring
- 7.2 The northward flow across the Iceland-Scotland Ridge
- 7.3 The Barents Sea inflow
- 7.4 Fram Strait: inflow, recirculation, and outflow
- 7.5 The transports in the East Greenland Current
- 7.5.1 Yearlong current measurements north of Denmark Strait
- 7.5.2 Denmark Strait overflow
- 7.5.3 The overflow through the Faroe Bank Channel
- 7.6 The inflow through Bering Strait
- 7.7 The outflows west of Greenland, the Canadian Arctic Archipelago and Baffin Bay
- 7.7.1 Cardigan Strait and Hell Gate
- 7.7.2 Barrow Strait
- 7.7.3 Nares Strait
- 7.7.4 The exchanges through Davis Strait
- 7.7.5 The Canadian Arctic Archipelago-Baffin Bay system
- 7.8 Other openings
- 7.8.1 The Iceland-Faroe Ridge overflow
- 7.8.2 Wyville Thomson Ridge overflow
- 7.8.3 Denmark Strait upper water outflow
- 7.8.4 Atlantic inflow over the European shelf
- 7.9 The mass balance of the Arctic Mediterranean Sea.
- 7.10 Volume, heat, and freshwater balances of the Arctic Ocean
- 7.11 Heat and freshwater transports into and out of the Arctic Ocean
- 7.11.1 Mass conservations and heat and freshwater transports
- 7.11.2 Heat and freshwater fluxes through individual Straits
- 7.12 Freshwater transports and storage in the Arctic Ocean
- 7.12.1 A theoretical estimate of the freshwater storage in the Arctic Ocean
- 7.12.2 Observations of freshwater storage and transports in the Arctic Ocean
- 7.13 A double estuary
- 7.14 The circulation in temperature space, salinity space, and TS space
- References
- 8 Theoretical descriptions and modeling of the Arctic Mediterranean Sea
- 8.1 Conceptual models of the circulation in marginal seas
- 8.1.1 Wind-driven circulation in the Arctic Mediterranean Sea
- 8.1.2 Thermally driven circulation in marginal seas with sloping bottom
- 8.1.3 Outflow of dense water over a shallow sill
- 8.2 Numerical modeling of the circulation in the Arctic Mediterranean Sea
- 8.2.1 The inflow of Atlantic water to the Arctic Ocean
- 8.2.2 Circulation in the central Arctic Ocean
- 8.2.3 The outflow from the Arctic Mediterranean to the North Atlantic
- References
- 9 Variability and change
- 9.1 The Arctic Ocean sea ice cover
- 9.2 Ocean advection and sea ice-ocean interaction
- 9.2.1 Variations in the Atlantic inflow
- 9.2.2 Conditions in the Barents Sea
- 9.2.3 The Eurasian Basin
- 9.2.4 The Amerasian Basin
- 9.3 Changes in freshwater storage
- 9.3.1 Freshwater inputs and exports
- 9.3.2 The freshwater storage
- 9.3.3 The effects on the deep water formation
- 9.3.4 Freshwater pathways in the Arctic Ocean
- 9.4 The Nordic Seas, the overflows, and the subpolar gyre
- 9.4.1 The Nordic Seas
- 9.4.2 The overflows and the subpolar gyre
- 9.5 The circulation in the Arctic Mediterranean during the ice ages
- References.
- 10 The meridional overturning circulation and the impact of the Arctic Mediterranean on the world ocean
- 10.1 The thermodynamics of the overturning circulation
- 10.2 The global deep circulation
- 10.3 The mixing and upwelling of the deep and abyssal waters
- 10.4 The upper layer return flow to the North Atlantic
- 10.5 The North Atlantic subtropical gyre and the Northeastern North Atlantic
- 10.6 The combined effects of cooling and freshening: insights from box models
- 10.7 Extensions of conceptual and box models
- 10.8 The stability of the overturning circulation
- 10.9 Forcing exchanges between the ocean and semienclosed seas by density differences or by wind?
- 10.10 General principles and geographical details
- References
- Index
- Back Cover.