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Photocatalystic systems by design : materials, mechanisms and applications /

Detalles Bibliográficos
Clasificación:	Libro Electrónico
Otros Autores:	Sakar, Mohan, Balakrishna, R. Geetha, Do, Trong-On
Formato:	Electrónico eBook
Idioma:	Inglés
Publicado:	Amsterdam, Netherlands : Elsevier, 2021.
Temas:	Photocatalysis. Photocatalyse.
Acceso en línea:	Texto completo

Tabla de Contenidos:

Front Cover
Photocatalytic Systems by Design
Copyright Page
Contents
List of contributors
1 Principles and mechanisms of photocatalysis
1.1 Introduction and historical developments
1.2 Semiconductors and photocatalysis
1.3 Fundamentals of photocatalysis
1.3.1 Mechanism
1.3.1.1 Photocatalysis mechanism
1.3.1.2 Oxidation mechanism
1.3.1.3 Reduction mechanism
1.3.2 Major advantages of photocatalysis
1.3.3 Limitations of photocatalysis
1.3.4 Operating parameters in photocatalytic processes
1.4 Semiconductors that are mainly used as photocatalysts
1.4.1 Metal oxides as photocatalysts
1.4.2 Chalcogenides as photocatalysts
1.4.2.1 Significance of chalcogenide nanomaterials
1.5 Applications of the photocatalysis
1.5.1 Superhydrophilic
1.6 Future prospects
1.7 Conclusions
References
2 Cation-modified photocatalysts
2.1 Fundamentals
2.1.1 Electronic states
2.1.2 Electron traps
2.2 Transition metals
2.2.1 Iron
2.2.2 Copper
2.2.3 Manganese
2.2.4 Nickel
2.3 Noble metals
2.3.1 Silver
2.3.2 Gold
2.3.3 Platinum
2.3.4 Palladium
2.4 Rare earths
2.4.1 Lanthanum
2.4.2 Cerium
2.4.3 Neodymium
References
3 Anion-modified photocatalysts
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Synthesis methods of anion-doped photocatalysts
3.2.1 Sol-gel method
3.2.2 Hydrothermal/solvothermal method
3.2.3 Coprecipitation method
3.2.4 Sonochemical method
3.2.5 Microwave method
3.2.6 Solution combustion method
3.3 Concept and mechanism of anion doping
3.4 Anion-doped photocatalysts and applications
3.4.1 Nitrogen-doped photocatalysts
3.4.2 Sulfur-doped photocatalysts
3.4.3 Fluoride-doped photocatalysts
3.4.4 Carbon-doped photocatalysts
3.4.5 Cl- and O-doped photocatalysts
3.5 Conclusion and outlook
Acknowledgment
References.
Further reading
4 Heterojunction-based photocatalyst
4.1 Introduction to heterojunction photocatalysts
4.2 Categories of heterojunction photocatalysts
4.3 Semiconductor-semiconductor heterojunction
4.3.1 TiO2-based heterojunction photocatalyst
4.3.2 Other semiconductor-semiconductor heterojunction
4.4 Semiconductor-metal heterojunction
4.5 Semiconductor-carbon group heterojunction
4.5.1 Carbon nanotubes
4.5.2 Graphitic carbon nitride
4.5.3 Activated carbon
4.5.4 Graphene oxide
4.6 Multicomponent heterojunction
4.7 Conclusion and challenges
References
5 Defective photocatalysts
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Types, origins, and mechanisms of defects in photocatalytic materials
5.2.1 Anionic defects
5.2.2 Cationic defects
5.2.3 Dual ionic defects
5.3 Mechanism of defects in photocatalysis
5.4 Synthesis of defective photocatalysts
5.4.1 Thermal treatment method
5.4.2 Chemical reduction method
5.4.3 Force-induced methods
5.4.4 Other methods
5.5 Effect of defective photocatalysts in their applications
5.5.1 Pollutant degradations
5.5.2 Water splitting
5.5.3 CO2 reduction
5.5.4 N2 fixation for NH3 production
5.5.5 Other applications
5.6 Summary and outlook
Acknowledgment
References
6 Artificial Z-scheme-based photocatalysts: design strategies and approaches
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Types of heterojunctions
6.2.1 Semiconductor-semiconductor (S-S) based heterojunctions
6.2.2 Semiconductor-metal (S-M)based heterojunctions
6.2.3 Semiconductor-carbon (S-C)based heterojunctions
6.2.4 Multicomponent heterojunctions
6.3 History of Z-scheme reactions
6.4 Confirmation of direct Z-scheme mechanism
6.4.1 Experimental
6.4.2 Theoretical
6.5 Synthesis and various design strategies for fabricating Z-scheme photocatalysts.
6.5.1 Importance of geometrical configurations for direct Z-scheme photocatalysts
6.5.1.1 Surface-embedded geometry
6.5.1.2 Janus-type configuration
6.5.1.3 Core-shell-type architecture
6.6 Future perspectives in developing direct Z-scheme photocatalytic systems
References
7 Plasmonic photocatalysis: an extraordinary way to harvest visible light
7.1 Introduction
7.1.1 Localized surface plasmon resonance
7.1.1.1 Typical advantages of localized surface plasmonic resonance in plasmonic photocatalysis
7.1.2 Basics of plasmonic photocatalysis
7.1.2.1 Proposed principles/mechanisms for energy transfer between noble-metal nanoparticles and semiconductor in plasmonic...
7.1.2.1.1 Light scattering/trapping
7.1.2.1.2 Plasmon-induced resonance energy transfer
7.1.2.1.3 Hot-electron injection
7.1.2.1.3.1 Indirect electron transfer
7.1.2.1.3.2 Direct electron transfer
7.2 Synthesis methods for noble-metal nanoparticles
7.2.1 Photo-deposition
7.2.2 Impregnation
7.2.3 Chemical reduction
7.2.4 Micro-emulsion technique
7.2.5 Hydrothermal technique
7.2.6 Electro-deposition
7.2.7 Atomic-layer deposition
7.2.8 Sputtering
7.2.9 Electro-spraying
7.2.10 Inert-gas condensation
7.2.11 Biogenic synthesis
7.3 Applications of plasmonic photocatalysis
7.3.1 Wastewater treatment
7.3.2 H2 generation
7.3.3 CO2 reduction
7.3.4 Production of fine chemicals
7.3.5 Disinfection and antimicrobial activity
7.3.6 N2 fixation
7.4 Comparison of photocatalytic performances for monometallic, bimetallic, and trimetallic plasmonic photocatalysts
7.5 Principle of plasmonic photocatalysis
7.6 Conclusions and future perspective
References
8 Cocatalyst-integrated photocatalysts for solar-driven hydrogen and oxygen production
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Fundamental of cocatalysts.
8.3 Cocatalysts for sun-light driven hydrogen production and overall water splitting
8.3.1 Metal-based cocatalysts
8.3.1.1 Single metal atom cocatalysts
8.3.1.2 Bimetallic cocatalysts
8.3.2 Sulfur based cocatalysts
8.3.2.1 MoS2
8.3.2.2 NiSx cocatalyst
8.3.3 MXene-based cocatalysts
8.3.4 Graphene-based cocatalysts
8.3.5 P-based cocatalysts
8.3.5.1 Transition metal phosphide
8.3.5.2 Phosphorene
8.3.5.3 Phosphate-containing medium
8.3.6 Metal-metal oxide core-shell cocatalysts
8.4 Oxidation cocatalysts in the multiple component systems
8.4.1 RuO2 cocatalysts
8.4.2 CoOx cocatalysts
8.4.3 IrOx cocatalysts
8.5 Conclusion
References
9 Materials and features of ferroelectric photocatalysts: the case of multiferroic BiFeO3
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Preparation techniques used for the synthesis of BFO
9.3 Photocatalytic mechanisms in BiFeO3
9.4 Bandgap engineering in multiferroic BiFeO3
9.5 Effect of d-block dopants on BiFeO3
9.5.1 Effect of scandium
9.5.2 Effect of titanium
9.5.3 Effect of chromium
9.5.4 Effect of manganese
9.5.5 Effect of cobalt
9.5.6 Effect of nickel
9.5.7 Effect of copper
9.5.8 Effect of zinc
9.5.9 Effect of yttrium
9.5.10 Effect of zirconium
9.5.11 Effect niobium
9.5.12 Effect of molybdenum
9.5.13 Effect of ruthenium
9.5.14 Effect of palladium
9.5.15 Effect of silver
9.5.16 Effect of cadmium
9.5.17 Effect of lanthanum
9.5.18 Effect of tantalum
9.5.19 Effect of tungsten
9.5.20 Effect of platinum
9.5.21 Effect of gold
9.6 Summary
Acknowledgment
References
10 Metal organic framework-based photocatalysts for hydrogen production
10.1 Introduction of metal-organic frameworks
10.1.1 Historical developments
10.1.2 Properties of metal organic frameworks.
10.2 Synthesis strategies of metal organic frameworks
10.2.1 Electrochemical synthesis
10.2.2 Microwave synthesis
10.2.3 Mechanochemical synthesis
10.2.4 Spray-drying synthesis
10.3 Metal-organic frameworks as photocatalysts
10.3.1 Metal organic frameworks as cocatalysts
10.3.2 Metal organic frameworks as sensitizers
10.4 Challenges and future prospects
Acknowledgment
References
11 Transition metal chalcogenide-based photocatalysts for small-molecule activation
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Structural classification of transition metal chalcogenides
11.2.1 Binary structure of transition metal chalcogenides
11.2.2 Ternary structure of transition metal chalcogenides
11.2.3 Quaternary structure of transition metal chalcogenides
11.3 Methods for the enhancement of photocatalytic performance of transition metal chalcogenides
11.3.1 Elemental doping
11.3.2 Surface functionalization
11.3.3 Heterojunction
11.4 Synthesis methods for transition metal chalcogenide
11.4.1 Top-down approach
11.4.1.1 Micromechanical exfoliation
11.4.1.2 Ultrasonic exfoliation
11.4.1.3 Ion-exchange exfoliation
11.4.1.4 Lithium-intercalated exfoliation
11.4.2 Bottom-up approach
11.4.2.1 Hydro/solvothermal method
11.4.2.2 Template method
11.4.2.3 Microwave-assisted method
11.4.2.4 Chemical vapor deposition method
11.5 Applications
11.5.1 Catalysis
11.5.1.1 Hydrogen evolution reaction
11.5.1.1.1 Choice and selection of photocatalyst for water splitting
11.5.1.1.2 Water-splitting mechanism
11.5.1.1.3 Role of transition metal chalcogenide for water splitting
11.5.1.1.4 Electronics
11.5.1.1.5 Degradation of organic pollutants
11.6 Conclusion
References
12 MXene-based photocatalysts
12.1 Principle of heterogeneous photocatalysis.

Photocatalystic systems by design : materials, mechanisms and applications /

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