Environmental and health management of novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19) /

Detalles Bibliográficos
Clasificación:Libro Electrónico
Otros Autores: Dehghani, Mohammad Hadi, Karris, Rama Rao, Roy, Sharmili
Formato: Electrónico eBook
Idioma:Inglés
Publicado: London : Academic Press, 2021.
Temas:
COVID-19 (Disease)
COVID-19 (Disease) > Transmission.
COVID-19 (Disease) > Prevention.
Public health.
Environmental health.
COVID-19
Public Health
COVID-19.
COVID-19 > Transmission.
Sant�e publique.
public health.
COVID-19 (Disease) > Prevention
COVID-19 (Disease) > Transmission
Environmental health
Public health
Acceso en línea:Texto completo
Tabla de Contenidos:
  • Front Cover
  • ENVIRONMENTAL AND HEALTH MANAGEMENT OF NOVELCORONA VIRUSDISEASE (COVID-19)
  • ENVIRONMENTAL AND HEALTH MANAGEMENT OF NOVELCORONA VIRUSDISEASE (COVID-19)
  • Copyright
  • CONTENTS
  • Contributors
  • Foreword
  • Preface
  • Acknowledgments
  • Introduction
  • I
  • Introduction, transmission routes and sampling technologies
  • 1
  • Updated insight into COVID-19 disease and health management to combat the pandemic
  • 1.1 Introduction to SARS-CoV-2
  • 1.2 Overview of SARS-CoV-2 virus
  • 1.2.1 Genomic evolution of SARS-CoV-2
  • 1.2.2 Transmission of coronaviruses
  • 1.2.3 Clinical characteristics for COVID-19
  • 1.2.4 Diagnostic detection of COVID-19
  • 1.2.4.1 Preanalytical issues impacting the diagnosis
  • 1.2.4.2 Primary diagnostic techniques for COVID-19 detection
  • 1.2.4.2.1 RT-PCR
  • 1.2.4.2.2 RT-LAMP assays
  • 1.2.4.2.3 NGS techniques
  • 1.2.4.2.4 Serum-based antigen/antibody-based detection techniques
  • 1.2.4.3 Novel Point-of-Care approaches and their limitations
  • 1.2.5 Late detection issues
  • 1.2.6 Monitoring of severely affected COVID-19 patients
  • 1.2.7 Other health aspects due to COVID-19 and related health management factors
  • 1.2.7.1 Direct COVID-19 risk management
  • 1.2.7.2 Medical and domestic waste management
  • 1.2.7.3 Telehealth management
  • 1.2.7.4 Wastewater management
  • 1.2.7.5 Other health management factors
  • 1.3 Conclusions
  • References
  • 2
  • Virus-sampling technologies in different environments
  • 2.1 Introduction
  • 2.2 Methods of SARS-CoV-2 air sampling
  • 2.2.1 Filtration
  • 2.2.2 Impactor
  • 2.2.3 Impinger
  • 2.2.4 Cyclone
  • 2.2.5 Electrostatic precipitator
  • 2.2.6 MD-8 airscan
  • 2.3 Literature review for SARS-CoV-2 sampling in air
  • 2.4 Surface detection for SARS-CoV-2
  • 2.4.1 Practical tips before sampling
  • 2.4.2 Surface sampling area
  • 2.4.3 Swab types.
  • 2.5 Municipal wastewater for SARS-CoV-2 sampling
  • 2.5.1 Sampling procedures for SARS-CoV-2 in municipal wastewater
  • 2.6 SARS-CoV-2 in urine and stool
  • 2.6.1 Sampling method for SARS-CoV-2 in urine and stool
  • 2.7 SARS-CoV-2 sampling in food
  • 2.8 SARS-CoV-2 detection techniques in air and surface samples
  • 2.8.1 RT-PCR
  • 2.8.2 Droplet digital PCR (ddPCR)
  • 2.8.3 Sensor-based method
  • 2.9 SARS-CoV-2 recognition in water
  • 2.10 SARS-CoV-2 detection in solid wastes
  • 2.11 Analysis techniques for SARS-CoV-2
  • 2.12 Conclusion
  • References
  • 3
  • Mechanism and transmission routes of COVID-19
  • 3.1 Origin and transmission of Sars-CoV-2
  • 3.2 Incidence and risk factors for COVID-19 severity
  • 3.2.1 Hypertension
  • 3.2.2 Diabetes
  • 3.2.3 Cardiovascular disease
  • 3.2.4 Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
  • 3.2.5 Renal diseases
  • 3.2.6 Malignancy
  • 3.2.7 Management of COVID-19 patients with comorbidities
  • 3.3 SARS-CoV-2 transmission cycle
  • 3.3.1 Airborne transmission
  • 3.3.2 Fomite transmission
  • 3.3.3 Other modes of transmission
  • 3.4 Conclusion
  • References
  • II
  • Remediation measures in waste and wastewater environments
  • 4
  • Presence, detection, and persistence of SARS-CoV-2 in wastewater and the sustainable remedial measures
  • 4.1 Introduction
  • 4.2 Occurrence, detection, and persistence of SARS-CoV-2 in wastewater, feces, slurry, or biosolids
  • 4.2.1 Occurrence and detection of coronaviruses in wastewater
  • 4.2.2 Methods for SARS-CoV-2 detection in wastewater
  • 4.2.2.1 Virus detection in wastewater using RT-PCR/RT-qPCR
  • 4.2.3 Persistence of coronaviruses in wastewater
  • 4.2.3.1 Composition of wastewater
  • 4.2.3.2 pH
  • 4.2.3.3 Temperature
  • 4.3 Removal of viruses from water and wastewater environment
  • 4.4 Virus removal techniques from wastewater
  • 4.4.1 Activated sludge treatment.
  • 4.4.2 Membrane bioreactor
  • 4.5 Mechanism of inactivation of coronaviruses in water environment using disinfectants
  • 4.5.1 Chlorination pretreatment
  • 4.5.2 Chlorine dioxide
  • 4.5.3 Sodium hypochlorite
  • 4.5.4 Ozone
  • 4.5.5 Ultraviolet irradiation
  • 4.6 Measures to ensure the protection of personnel and wastewater treatment workers from contacting COVID-19
  • 4.6.1 Viral contamination risk assessment
  • 4.6.2 Measures to protect wastewater treatment workers
  • 4.7 Conclusion
  • References
  • 5
  • A comprehensive study of COVID-19 in wastewater: occurrence, surveillance, and viewpoints on its remedy
  • 5.1 Introduction
  • 5.2 Wastewater: characterization and classification
  • 5.2.1 Physical characterization of wastewater
  • 5.2.2 Chemical characterization of wastewater
  • 5.2.3 Biological characterization of wastewater
  • 5.3 Study of municipal wastewater: characterization and classification
  • 5.4 Study of health care wastewater: characterization and classification
  • 5.4.1 Hazardous health care waste
  • 5.4.2 Nonhazardous health care waste
  • 5.5 Characteristics of coronavirus
  • 5.6 Occurrence and persistence of COVID-19 in wastewater
  • 5.7 Detection of coronavirus in wastewater
  • 5.8 Inactivation mechanism of COVID-19 in wastewater
  • 5.9 Remedial approach
  • 5.10 Conclusion and future perspectives
  • References
  • Further reading
  • 6
  • Route of SARS-CoV-2 in sewerage and wastewater treatment plants: dilution, decay, removal, and environmental tr ...
  • 6.1 Introduction
  • 6.2 Dilution of SARS-CoV-2 from the feces to the sewerage
  • 6.3 SARS-CoV-2 load of in raw wastewater
  • 6.4 The approach for SARS-CoV-2 detection in sewerage is an open issue
  • 6.5 Decay of SARS-CoV-2 in wastewater due to adverse environmental conditions
  • 6.6 Reduction of SARS-CoV-2 in wastewater treatment plants.
  • 6.7 Potential fecal-oral transmission associated with sewerage
  • 6.7.1 Aerosolization of wastewater
  • 6.7.2 Overflows in municipal combined sewer systems
  • 6.7.3 Flooding events in urban areas
  • 6.7.4 Discharge of untreated or treated wastewater into surface water bodies
  • 6.8 Conclusions and future perspective
  • References
  • 7
  • Impediments of coronavirus in healthcare wastewater treatment and ways to ameliorate them
  • 7.1 Introduction
  • 7.2 Municipal wastewater: Definition, classification, and characterization
  • 7.2.1 Characterization of wastewater pertaining to epidemiological index
  • 7.2.1.1 Suspended solids (SS)
  • 7.2.1.2 Chemical oxygen demand (COD) and biological oxygen demand (BOD)
  • 7.2.1.3 Total phosphorus (TP)
  • 7.2.1.4 Total Nitrogen (TN)
  • 7.2.1.5 Pathogens
  • 7.2.2 Possible disinfection routes of MWW
  • 7.2.2.1 UV irradiation
  • 7.2.2.2 Electrochemical (EC) disinfection
  • 7.2.2.3 Ozone disinfection
  • 7.2.2.4 Peracetic acid
  • 7.2.2.5 Ultrasonication
  • 7.2.2.6 Chlorination
  • 7.3 Healthcare wastewater (HWW)
  • 7.3.1 HWW management
  • 7.3.2 HWW collection methods
  • 7.3.2.1 Central system
  • 7.3.2.2 Decentralized system
  • 7.3.3 Pretreatment of HWW
  • 7.3.4 Medical wastewater treatment in COVID times
  • 7.3.4.1 Wuhan: A case study
  • 7.3.5 Mandatory treatment and disinfection plans
  • 7.3.5.1 Disinfection procedure
  • 7.4 Occurrence and survival of COVID-19 in wastewater, urine, and biosolids
  • 7.4.1 The survival of SARS-CoV-2 in urine and the urogenital system
  • 7.4.2 Human pathogens can be monitored in sewage
  • 7.4.2.1 A paper-strip urine test kit was developed to detect COVID-19
  • 7.4.3 Novel coronavirus infection and gastrointestinal tract
  • 7.4.4 Wastewater-based epidemiology
  • 7.4.5 Gastrointestinal tract may be another site of viral replication
  • 7.4.6 Viruses and the culture methods.
  • 7.4.7 Waterborne viral outbreaks related to virus
  • 7.4.8 Transport of virus in the environment
  • 7.4.9 Survival of virus in the environment
  • 7.4.10 Microbial tracking tools (viruses)
  • 7.5 Measures to the protection of personnel and wastewater treatment workers from contracting COVID-19
  • 7.5.1 Safe management of fecal waste and wastewater
  • 7.5.2 Personal Protection Equipment (PPE)
  • 7.5.2.1 Level A protection
  • 7.5.2.2 Level B protection
  • 7.5.2.3 Level C protection
  • 7.5.2.4 Level D protection
  • 7.5.2.5 Goggles
  • 7.5.3 Masks
  • 7.5.3.1 Surgical masks
  • 7.5.3.2 Respirators
  • 7.5.3.3 Air-purifying respirators (APR)
  • 7.5.3.4 Powered air-purifying respirators (PAPRs)
  • 7.5.3.5 Supplied-air respirators (SAR)
  • 7.5.4 Gloves
  • 7.5.5 Face shields
  • 7.5.6 Liquid-repellent coveralls, gowns, and aprons
  • 7.6 Recycling of PPE
  • 7.7 Training for workers
  • 7.8 Vaccination recommendation for workers
  • 7.9 Conclusion
  • References
  • 8
  • Handling and treatment strategies of biomedical wastes and biosolids contaminated with SARS-CoV-2 in waste envi ...
  • 8.1 Introduction
  • 8.2 Solid wastes from health care units
  • 8.2.1 Classification
  • 8.2.1.1 Infectious waste15
  • 8.2.1.2 Pathological wastes15
  • 8.2.1.3 Sharps15
  • 8.2.1.4 Pharmaceutical waste15
  • 8.2.1.5 Chemical wastes15
  • 8.2.1.6 Radioactive wastes15
  • 8.2.2 Modes of transmission of SARS-CoV-2
  • 8.3 Occurrence of virus in biomedical waste
  • 8.4 A comparative study on viruses potentially similar to COVID-19
  • 8.5 Survival of SARS-CoV-2 on different surfaces
  • 8.6 Safe handling and management of health care waste generated through the care of COVID-19 patients
  • 8.6.1 Preparing a waste management plan as part of COVID-19 patient care
  • 8.7 Collection, transport, and storage of waste
  • 8.7.1 Collection
  • 8.7.2 Storage
  • 8.8 Treatment and disposal
  • 8.8.1 Treatment.

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