Cargando…
Biochar from biomass and waste : fundamentals and applications /
| Clasificación: | Libro Electrónico |
|---|---|
| Otros Autores: | , , , |
| Formato: | Electrónico eBook |
| Idioma: | Inglés |
| Publicado: |
Amsterdam, the Netherlands :
Elsevier,
[2019]
|
| Temas: | |
| Acceso en línea: | Texto completo |
Tabla de Contenidos:
- Front Cover
- Biochar from Biomass and Waste
- Copyright Page
- Contents
- List of Contributors
- I. Biochar Production
- 1 Production and Formation of Biochar
- 1.1 Introduction
- 1.2 Raw Materials of Biochar
- 1.3 Processes for Biochar Production
- 1.3.1 Pyrolysis
- 1.3.2 Hydrothermal Carbonization
- 1.4 Mechanism of the Formation of Biochar
- 1.4.1 Formation of Biochar Via Pyrolysis
- 1.4.2 Formation of Biochar Via Hydrothermal Carbonization
- 1.5 Conclusions
- References
- II. Biochar Characterization
- 2 Physical Characteristics of Biochars and Their Effects on Soil Physical Properties
- 2.1 Introduction
- 2.2 Biochar Structure and Microstructure
- 2.2.1 Surface Properties of Biochars
- 2.2.2 Pore Distribution and Surface Area of Biochars
- 2.3 Soil Physical Properties of Biochar-Amended Soils
- 2.3.1 Effects of Biochars on CO2 Emission
- 2.3.2 Nutrients Retention of Biochar-Amended Soils
- 2.4 Future Research
- References
- 3 Elemental and Spectroscopic Characterization of Low-Temperature (350�C) Lignocellulosic- and Manure-Based Designer Biocha ...
- Disclaimer
- 3.1 Introduction
- 3.2 Biochar Definition
- 3.3 Biochar Feedstocks
- 3.4 Biochar Products
- 3.5 General Characteristics of Biochars
- 3.6 Low-Temperature Pyrolyzed Designer Biochars
- 3.6.1 Ultimate, Proximate, and Inorganic Composition
- 3.6.2 Spectroscopic Characteristics
- 3.6.2.1 SEM Images
- 3.6.2.2 Structural and Functional Group Properties of Biochars Revealed With 13C NMR and FTIR Spectroscopy
- 3.7 Comparison of Low versus High Temperature-Produced Biochars as a Soil Amendment
- 3.8 Conclusions
- References
- Further Reading
- 4 Modeling the Surface Chemistry of Biochars
- 4.1 Introduction
- 4.2 Surface Complexation Modeling
- 4.3 Spectroscopic and Calorimetric Approaches
- 4.4 State of Biochar Surface Chemistry Modeling.
- 4.5 Outlook
- References
- III. Applications
- 5 Biochar for Mine-land Reclamation
- Disclaimer
- 5.1 Introduction
- 5.1.1 Cadmium
- 5.1.2 Copper
- 5.1.3 Lead
- 5.1.4 Zinc
- 5.1.5 Recent Case Study-Biochar Use in Multielement-Contaminated Mine Waste
- 5.1.6 Recent Case Study-Biochar Use in Cd- and Zn-Contaminated Paddy Soil
- 5.1.7 Recent Case Study-Designing Biochar Production and Use for Mine-Spoil Remediation
- 5.2 Conclusions
- References
- Further Reading
- 6 Potential of Biochar for Managing Metal Contaminated Areas, in Synergy With Phytomanagement or Other Management Options
- 6.1 Introduction
- 6.2 Metals and Metalloids in Soil
- 6.3 Biochar as a Soil Amendment for Risk-Based Land Management
- 6.4 Properties of Biochar in Relation to Trace Element Sorption
- 6.5 Effects of Adding Biochar to Soil
- 6.6 Management Options
- 6.6.1 Biochar Amendment in Combination With Phytomanagement
- 6.6.2 Biochar to Reduce Uptake of Hazardous Elements to Vegetable Crops
- 6.7 Field Experience to Date
- 6.8 Conclusions
- References
- 7 Biochar and Its Composites for Metal(loid) Removal From Aqueous Solutions
- 7.1 Metal Sorption on Various Biochars
- 7.1.1 Effect of Biochar Characteristics
- 7.1.2 Optimization of Metal Sorption
- 7.1.3 Metal-Sorption Mechanisms
- 7.2 Biochar Modifications
- 7.2.1 Chemical Activation
- 7.2.2 Iron Modifications
- 7.2.2.1 Magnetic Impregnation
- 7.2.2.2 Nano Zero-Valent Iron Modification
- 7.2.3 Layered Double-Hydroxide Modification
- 7.2.3.1 Synthesis of LDH/Biochar Composites
- 7.2.3.2 Adsorption Properties of LDH/Biochar Composites
- 7.2.4 Manganese-Oxide Coating
- 7.3 Engineering Implications of Biochar and Its Modifications
- Acknowledgments
- References
- Further Reading
- 8 Biochar for Anionic Contaminants Removal From Water
- 8.1 Anionic Contaminants in Water/Wastewater.
- 10.4.5 Adsorption of Polychlorinated Biphenyls
- 10.4.5.1 Adsorption of Volatile Organic Compounds
- 10.5 Biochar for Adsorption of Inorganic Species
- 10.5.1 Adsorption of Heavy Metal Ions
- 10.5.1.1 Adsorption of Heavy Metal Ions From Water
- 10.5.1.2 Adsorption of Heavy Metals From Soil
- 10.5.2 Adsorption of Anions and Other Inorganic Pollutants
- 10.6 Modified Biochar as Adsorbent
- 10.6.1 Surface Functionalized Biochar as Adsorbent
- 10.6.1.1 Steam-Activated Biochar
- 10.6.1.2 Heat-Treated Biochar
- 10.6.1.3 Acid-Treated Biochar
- 10.6.1.4 Alkali-Treated Biochar
- 10.6.1.5 Biochar Modified With Nitrogen-Based Functional Groups
- 10.6.2 Biochar-Based Composite as Adsorbent
- 10.6.2.1 Nanometal Oxide/Hydroxide-Biochar Composites
- 10.6.2.2 Magnetic Biochar Composites as Adsorbent
- 10.6.2.3 Functional Nanoparticles-Coated Biochar
- 10.6.2.4 Impregnation of Functional Nanoparticles After Pyrolysis
- 10.7 Concluding Remarks and Future Perspectives
- References
- 11 Biochar for Sustainable Agriculture: Nutrient Dynamics, Soil Enzymes, and Crop Growth
- 11.1 Introduction
- 11.2 Evolution of Sustainable Agriculture
- 11.2.1 Malthusian Catastrophe and Green Revolution
- 11.2.2 Role of Biochar in Sustainable Agriculture
- 11.3 Influence of Biochar on Soil Nutrient Dynamics
- 11.3.1 Direct Nutrient Values of Biochar
- 11.3.2 Indirect Nutrient Values of Biochar
- 11.4 Influence of Biochar on Soil Enzymes
- 11.4.1 Influence of Biochar on Microorganism-Derived Soil Enzymes
- 11.4.2 Faunal Population Response to Biochar in Soil
- 11.4.3 Plant Root Response to Biochar in Soil
- 11.5 Effect of Biochar on Crop Growth
- 11.6 Conclusions
- References
- 12 Biochar Is a Potential Source of Silicon Fertilizer: An Overview
- 12.1 Introduction
- 12.2 Silicon
- 12.2.1 Forms of Silicon in Soil
- 12.2.2 Bioavailable Si in Soil.
- 12.2.3 Effect of Si on Plants
- 12.3 Biochar
- 12.3.1 Sources of Feedstock for Biochar
- 12.3.2 Characterization of Biochar
- 12.3.3 Benefits of Biochar in Agricultural Practices
- 12.4 Biochar Is a Potential Source of Bioavailable Si
- 12.5 Conclusion and Perspectives
- Acknowledgments
- References
- 13 Sludge-Derived Biochar and Its Application in Soil Fixation
- 13.1 Sewage Sludge Production and Disposal in China
- 13.2 Pyrolysis of Sewage Sludge and the Environmental Safety of Heavy Metals in Sludge-Derived Biochars
- 13.2.1 Pyrolysis of Sewage Sludge Under Various Conditions
- 13.2.2 Environmental Safety of Heavy Metals in Sludge-Derived Biochars
- 13.3 Adsorption of Contaminants in Sludge-Derived Biochars
- 13.3.1 Cationic Metals
- 13.3.2 Oxyanionic Metals
- 13.3.3 Organic Contaminants
- 13.4 Metal Stabilization in Soils by Sludge-Derived Biochars
- 13.5 Ageing of Sludge-Derived Biochars in the Environment
- 13.6 Conclusions
- References
- Further Reading
- 14 Biochar as an (Im)mobilizing Agent for the Potentially Toxic Elements in Contaminated Soils
- 14.1 Introduction
- 14.2 Biochar as an Immobilizing Agent for Potentially Toxic Elements in Contaminated Soils
- 14.2.1 Reducing Mobility and Phytoavailability of Potentially Toxic Elements in Soils Using Biochar
- 14.2.2 Immobilization Mechanisms of Potentially Toxic Elements by Biochar
- 14.3 Biochar as a Mobilizing Agent for Potentially Toxic Elements in Contaminated Soils: Mobilization Mechanisms
- 14.4 Conclusions
- Acknowledgments
- References
- 15 Hydrothermal Carbonization for Hydrochar Production and Its Application
- 15.1 Introduction
- 15.2 Production of Hydrochar
- 15.2.1 Influence of Feedstock
- 15.2.2 Influence of Reaction Temperature
- 15.2.3 Influence of Retention Time
- 15.2.4 Influence of Catalyst
- 15.3 Properties of Hydrochar.