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Hydraulic fracture modeling /

Hydraulic Fracture Modeling delivers all the pertinent technology and solutions in one product to become the go-to source for petroleum and reservoir engineers. Providing tools and approaches, this multi-contributed reference presents current and upcoming developments for modeling rock fracturing in...

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Detalles Bibliográficos
Clasificación:	Libro Electrónico
Otros Autores:	Wu, Yu-Shu (Petroleum engineer) (Editor )
Formato:	Electrónico eBook
Idioma:	Inglés
Publicado:	Cambridge, MA : Gulf Professional Publishing, 2017.
Temas:	Hydraulic fracturing > Mathematical models. Fracturation hydraulique > Mod�eles math�ematiques. TECHNOLOGY & ENGINEERING > Mining.
Acceso en línea:	Texto completo

Tabla de Contenidos:

Machine generated contents note: 1. Finite-Element Modeling of the Growth and Interaction of Hydraulic Fractures in Poroelastic Rock Formations / Robert W. Zimmerman
1.1. Introduction
1.2. Computational Framework
1.3. Modeling of Thermoporoelastic Deformation in Fractured Media
1.4. Modeling Discrete Fracture Growth
1.5. Effect of Matrix Poroelasticity on the Growth of a Single Fracture
1.6. Effect of Interaction on the Paths of Two Fluid-Driven Penny-Shaped Cracks
1.7. Thermal Effects on Early Stages of Hydraulic Fracture Growth
1.8. Conclusions
References
2. Framework of Integrated Flow
Geomechanics
Geophysics Simulation for Planar Hydraulic Fracture Propagation / Evan Schankee Um
2.1. Introduction
2.2. Analytical Methods for Vertical Hydraulic Fractures
2.2.1. Two-Dimensional Fracture Models: Perkins-Kern
Nordgren and Khristianovic
Geertsma
de Klerk Fractures
2.2.2. Fracture Propagation and Fracture Widths
2.3. Numerical Simulation of Vertical Hydraulic Fracture Propagation in Three Dimensions
2.3.1. Mathematical Statements and Constitutive Relations
2.3.2. Numerical Discretization and Examples
2.4. Joint Analysis of Geomechanics and Geophysics
2.4.1. Induced Seismicity
2.4.2. Electromagnetic Survey
2.5. Summary
References
Further Reading
3. Simulation of Multistage Hydraulic Fracturing in Unconventional Reservoirs Using Displacement Discontinuity Method (DDM) / Huiying Tang
3.1. Stress Shadow Effect
3.1.1. Theoretical Analysis
3.1.2. Experimental Observations
3.1.3. Field Observations
3.2. Numerical Approaches for Multistage Hydraulic Fracturing in Unconventional Reservoirs
3.3. Simulation of Multistage Hydraulic Fracturing in Unconventional Reservoirs Using Displacement Discontinuity Method
3.3.1. Governing Equations for Hydraulic Fracture Growth
3.4. Model Validation
3.4.1. Mechanical Calculation Validation
3.4.2. Radial Fracture Propagation
3.5. Application
3.5.1. Fracture Height Growth in Multilayer Formations
3.5.2. Multistage Hydraulic Fracturing
3.6. Conclusions
References
4. Quasistatic Discrete Element Modeling of Hydraulic and Thermal Fracturing Processes in Shale and Low-Permeability Crystalline Rocks / Jing Zhou
4.1. Introduction
4.2. Quasistatic Discrete Element Model
4.3. Fracturing of Brittle Crystalline Rock by Thermal Cooling
4.4. Hydraulic Fracturing Modeling by Coupled Quasistatic Discrete Element Model and Conjugate Network Flow Model
4.4.1. Methodology of Coupled Discrete Element Model and Dual Network Flow Model
4.4.2. Simultaneous Propagation of Interacting Fractures
4.4.3. Interaction Between Propagating Hydraulic Fracture and Natural Fracture
4.4.4. Three-Dimensional Simulations of Hydraulic Fracturing
References
5. Hydraulic Fracturing Modeling and Its Extension to Reservoir Simulation Based on Extended Finite-Element Method (XFEM) / Jun Yao
5.1. Introduction
5.2. Mathematical Model of Hydraulic Fracture Propagation
5.2.1. Underlying Assumptions
5.2.2. Governing Equations
5.2.3. Fracture Propagation Criteria
5.3. Numerical Scheme for Hydraulic Fracturing
5.3.1. Stress Field With Extended Finite-Element Method
5.3.2. Pressure Field With Finite-Element Method
5.3.3. Coupling Schemes
5.4. Numerical Cases and Results Analysis
5.4.1. Validation of Numerical Model
5.4.2. Effect of Rock Properties
5.4.3. Effect of Fluid Properties
5.4.4. Effect of Natural Fracture
5.5. Modeling of Simultaneous Propagation of Multiple Cluster Fractures
5.5.1. Problem Formulations
5.5.2. Tip Asymptotic Solution
5.5.3. Numerical Algorithm
5.5.4. Numerical Results
5.6. Extensions to Reservoir Hydromechanical Simulation
5.6.1. Coupling Scheme for Extended Finite-Element Method and Embedded Discrete Fracture Model
5.6.2. Numerical Examples
5.7. Conclusions
Acknowledgments
References
6. Fully Coupled 3-D Hydraulic Fracture Models
Development and Validation / Jorge L.
Carzon
6.1. Introduction
6.2. Numerical Formulation
6.2.1. Fluid Flow in the Porous Medium
6.2.2. Fracture Nucleation and Propagation
6.2.3. Fluid Flow in the Fracture
6.3. Implementation Scheme
6.3.1. Cohesive Elements
6.3.2. Extended Finite Elements
6.4. Solution Verification
6.4.1. Vertical Planar Khristianovich-Geertsma-de Klerk Fracture
6.4.2. Radial (Penny-Shaped) Fracture
6.5. Model Validation
6.5.1. Laboratory-Scale Model
6.5.2. Field-Scale Model
6.6. Conclusion
Nomenclature
Acknowledgments
References
Further Reading
7. Continuum Modeling of Hydraulic Fracturing in Complex Fractured Rock Masses / Chin-Fu Tsang
7.1. Introduction
7.2. TOUGH-FLAC Simulator and Fracture Continuum Approach
7.2.1. TOUGH-FLAC Simulator
7.2.2. Fracture Continuum Approach
7.3. Verification and Demonstration
7.3.1. Hydromechanics in Complex Fractured Rock
7.3.2. Fracture Propagation Across Discontinuities and Geological Layers
7.3.3. Classical Hydraulic Fracturing Stress Measurement Operation
7.4. Concluding Remarks
Acknowledgments
References
8. Development of a Hydraulic Fracturing Simulator for Single-Well Fracturing Design in Unconventional Reservoirs / Yu-Shu Wu
8.1. Introduction
8.2. Fracture Fluid Characterization
8.3. Fracture Mass Conservation Equations
8.4. Fracture Energy Equation
8.5. Fracture Mechanics Equations
8.6. Fluid Leak-Off Formulation
8.7. Wellbore Mass, Flow, and Energy Equations
8.8. Stress Shadow Effect
8.9. Governing Equation Solution
8.10. Fracture Discretization
8.11. Discretized Fracture Mass and Energy Conservation Equations
8.12. Discretized Fracture Mechanics Equations
8.13. Discretized Wellbore Mass and Energy Conservation Equations
8.14. Wellbore
Surroundings Transfer
8.15. Solution of Finite Difference Flow, Energy, and Fracture Mechanics Equations
8.16. Time Step Size Selection
8.17. Example Problems
8.17.1. Radial Fracture Propagation
8.17.2. PKN-Like Fracture Propagation
8.17.3. Field-Type Simulation
8.18. Summary and Conclusions
Acknowledgments
References
9. Modeling Rock Fracturing Processes With FRACOD / Baotang Shen
9.1. Introduction
9.2. Rock Fracture Propagation Mechanisms and Fracture Criterion
9.3. Theoretical Background of FRACOD
9.4. Coupling Between Rock Fracturing and Thermal and Hydraulic Processes
9.4.1. Rock Fracturing
Thermal Coupling
9.4.2. Fracturing
Hydraulic Flow Coupling
9.4.3. Hydraulic Flow
Thermal Coupling
9.5. Validation and Demonstration Examples
9.5.1. Modeling Biaxial Compressive Test
9.5.2. Modeling Borehole Breakouts
9.5.3. Cooling Fractures in Borehole Wall
9.5.4. Rock Mass Cooling Due to Fluid Flow
9.6. Modeling Hydraulic Fracturing Using FRACOD
9.6.1. Verification Example
Hydraulic Fracturing in Intact Rock
9.6.2. Verification Against the Khristianovic
Geertsma
de Klerk Model
9.6.3. Modeling Fracture Diversion
9.7. Modeling CO2 Geosequestration Experiement Using FRACOD
9.7.1. Fault Reactivation
9.7.2. Caprock Stability
9.8. Conclusions
Acknowledgments
References
10. Integrated Study for Hydraulic Fracture and Natural Fracture Interactions and Refracturing in Shale Reservoirs / Theerapat Suppachoknirun
10.1. Introduction
10.2. Background
10.3. Coupled Geomechanical and Fluid Flow Model
10.4. Case Study: The Eagle Ford Shale Well Pad Modeling
10.4.1. Complex Discrete Fracture Network Model With Predetermined Fracture Geometry
10.4.2. Complex Discrete Fracture Network Model With Coupled Fracture Growth Simulations
10.4.3. Refracturing
10.5. Discussions and Concluding Remarks
Acknowledgments
References
11. Development of a Coupled Reservoir
Geomechanical Simulator for the Prediction of Caprock Fracturing and Fault Reactivation During CO2 Sequestration in Deep Saline Aquifers / Yu-Shu Wu
11.1. Introduction
11.2. Geomechanical Formulation
11.2.1. Mean Stress Equation
11.2.2. Stress Tensor Components
11.3. Fluid and Heat Flow Formulation
11.4. Discretization and Solution of Governing Equations
11.4.1. Discretization of Simulator Conservation Equations
11.4.2. Solution of Simulator Conservation Equations
11.4.3. Geomechanical Boundary Conditions and Stress Field Initialization
11.5. Permeability and Porosity Dependencies
11.5.1. Isotropic Porous Media
11.5.2. Fractured Media
11.6. Caprock Fracturing and Fault Reactivation
11.6.1. Caprock Tensile Failure
11.6.2. Fault and Fracture Reactivation
11.6.3. Caprock Shear Failure
11.7. Example Simulations
11.7.1. Displacement From a Uniform Load on a Semiinfinite Elastic Medium
11.7.2. Two-Dimensional Mandel-Cryer Effect
11.7.3. Depletion of a Single-Phase Reservoir
11.7.4. In Salah Gas Project
11.7.5. C02 Leakage Through Fault Zones
11.7.6. Fracture of a Concrete Block
11.8. Summary and Conclusions
Acknowledgments
References
12. Modeling of Cryogenic Fracturing Processes / Lei Wang
12.1. Introduction
12.1.1. Comparison With Hydraulic Fracturing
12.1.2. History of Cryogenic Fracturing
12.2. Physical Process of Cryogenic Fracturing.
Note continued: 12.2.1. Fracture Initiation and Propagation
12.2.2. Rock Failure Characteristics
12.3. Numerical Modeling
12.3.1. Assumptions
12.3.2. Heat Transfer and Fluid Flow
12.3.3. Thermal Stress
12.3.4. Failure Criteria
12.3.5. Numerical Scheme
12.3.6. Results
12.4. Conclusions
Acknowledgments
References
13. Model Validation in Field Applications / Jennifer L. Miskimins
13.1. Introduction
13.2. Pretreatment Model Inputs
13.2.1. Wellbore Friction
13.2.2. Treatment and Wellbore Characterization
13.2.3. Reservoir Characterization
13.2.4. Pretreatment Calibration Techniques
13.3. Posttreatment Model Validation
13.3.1. Data Quality and Verification
13.3.2. Landing Intervals
13.3.3. Treatment Inputs
13.3.4. Pressure Calibration
13.3.5. Geometric Calibration
13.4. Production Validation
13.5. Summary
Nomenclature
References
14. Hydraulic Fracturing: Experimental Modeling / Christopher Lamei
14.1. Theoretical Background
14.2. Breakdown and Propagation Pressures
14.2.1. Fracture Initiation Pressure
14.2.2. Relief in Pressure
14.3. Fracture Geometries
14.3.1. Planar Geometries
14.3.2. Nonplanar Fracture Geometries
14.4. Fracture Confinement
14.5. Perforation Design for Fracturing
14.5.1. Vertical Wellbore
14.5.2. Horizontal Wells
14.5.3. Practical Applications of Oriented Perforations in Stimulation Techniques
14.5.4. Gravity-Orientated Clustered Perforations
14.5.5. Simulation of Oriented Perforation
14.6. Unconventional Resources Fracturing
14.6.1. Shale Fracturing
14.6.2. Coal Fracturing
14.7. Waterless Fracturing
14.7.1. Chemically Induced Pressure Pulse Fracturing
14.7.2. Cryogenic Fracturing to Increase Stimulated Reservoir Volume
References
15. Laboratory Studies to Investigate Subsurface Fracture Mechanics / Timothy J. Kneafsey
15.1. Introduction
15.2. Laboratory Studies of Fracturing
15.2.1. Homogeneous Medium and Anisotropic Medium
15.2.2. Heterogeneous Flawed Media
15.2.3. Homogeneous Medium
15.2.4. Homogeneous Flawed Medium: Joint Effects
15.2.5. Homogeneous and Flawed Media
15.2.6. Homogeneous Medium: Varying Stresses
15.2.7. Homogeneous and Heterogeneous Media
15.2.8. Anisotropic Medium: Joint Effects
15.2.9. Homogeneous Medium: Effect of Borehole Angle
15.2.10. Homogeneous Isotropic Medium
15.2.11. Homogeneous Medium: Borehole Angle
15.2.12. Uniform Medium With Discontinuities
15.2.13. Large Discontinuous Homogeneous Block: Effect of Joint Properties
15.2.14. Large Block Homogeneous and Anisotropic Media
15.2.15. Heterogeneous Flawed Media (Desiccated Cement)
15.2.16. Heterogeneous Flawed Media: Natural Fort Hays Limestone
15.2.17. Homogeneous Media: Water Blasting
15.2.18. Uniform Media: Cryogenic Fracturing
15.2.19. Homogeneous Medium: Different Fracturing Fluid Viscosities
15.2.20. Heterogeneous Large Block Samples: Effect of Slickwater and Gel
15.2.21. Direct Observation of Fracturing in Small Samples
15.2.22. Heterogeneous Media (Shale and Sandstone): Water, Liquid CO2, and Supercritical C02
15.3. Discussion
15.3.1. Stress
15.3.2. Anisotropy
15.3.3. Borehole Angle
15.3.4. Discontinuities
15.3.5. Permeability and Fracturing Fluid Viscosity
15.3.6. Different Technologies
15.3.7. Sample Size
15.4. Conclusions
References
16. Fracture Conductivity Under Triaxial Stress Conditions / Azra N. Tutuncu
16.1. Introduction
16.2. Formations Overview
16.3. Sample Preparation for Measurements
16.4. Triaxial Test Experimental Setup
16.5. Propped Fracture Conductivity Tests
16.6. Conclusions
Acknowledgments
References.

Hydraulic fracture modeling /

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