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Rules of thumb for chemical engineers /
"Rules of Thumb for Chemical Engineers, Sixth Edition, is the most complete guide for chemical and process engineers who need reliable and authoritative solutions to on-the-job problems. The text is comprehensively revised and updated with new data and formulas. The book helps solve process des...
| Clasificación: | Libro Electrónico |
|---|---|
| Autor principal: | |
| Formato: | Electrónico eBook |
| Idioma: | Inglés |
| Publicado: |
Amsterdam, Netherlands ; Oxford, United Kingdom ; Cambridge, MA :
Elsevier,
[2018]
|
| Edición: | Sixth edition. |
| Temas: | |
| Acceso en línea: | Texto completo |
Tabla de Contenidos:
- Machine generated contents note: 1. Safety
- Introduction
- Process Safety Management (PSM)
- Process Hazard Analysis (PHA)
- Safe Design Practices
- Emergency Vent Systems
- Fire Outside the Vessel
- Runaway Reaction
- Blocked-In Line
- Flash Point of Binary Mixtures
- Deflagration Prevention or Control
- Prevent Backflow
- Equipment Purging
- Dilution Purging
- Displacement Purging
- Pressure-Cycle Purging
- Evacuation-Replacement Purging
- Electrical Area Classification
- Causes for Loss of Containment
- Dust Explosion Hazards
- References
- Further Reading
- 2. Process Evaluation
- Introduction
- Accuracy of Cost Estimates
- Definition of Scope
- Treatment of Uncertainty and Contingency
- User Requirements
- Block Diagrams
- Process Flow Diagrams (PFDs)
- Basis of Design (BOD)
- Block-Sequential Diagrams
- Piping & Instrumentation Diagrams (P & IDs)
- Factory Assembled Skids and Modules
- Data Sheets and Specifications
- Capital Cost Estimates
- Organization of a Cost Estimate
- Example of a Screening Estimate for a Refinery
- Engineering
- Reference
- 3. Process Modeling
- Introduction
- Concepts and Terminology
- Equipment Design
- Mass and Energy Transfer
- Flow Sheet Simulation
- Continuous Process
- Flow Sheet Simulation
- Dynamic Process
- Discrete Process Simulation
- General Purpose Simulation Environments
- Software List
- References
- 4. Fluid Flow
- Introduction
- Data Required
- Design Documents
- Material and Energy Balance
- Physical Properties of the Materials
- General Procedure
- Recommended Velocity
- Compressible Flow of a Gas
- Oil/Gas Mixtures
- Check Valves
- Equivalent Length
- Shortcut Equation for Pressure Drop Due to Friction
- Reynolds Number
- Friction Factor
- Surface Roughness
- Incompressible Flow
- Compressible Flow
- Isothermal
- Compressible Flow
- Transmission Equations
- Weymouth Equation
- Panhandle A Equation
- Panhandle B Equation
- Compressible Flow
- Adiabatic
- Visual Basic Subroutines for Pressure Drop Due to Friction
- Reynolds Number
- Darcy Friction Factor
- Pressure Drop Due to Friction
- Orifices
- Incompressible Flow (Liquids)
- Compressible Flow (Gases)
- Control Valves
- Water Hammer
- Partially Full Horizontal Pipes
- Two-Phase Flow
- Lockhart-Martinelli
- Homogeneous Model
- Split Bounds Model
- Asymptotic Model
- Comparison of the Two-Phase Models
- References
- Further Reading
- 5. Vessels
- Introduction
- Cost Considerations
- Safety Considerations
- General Rules of Thumb for Vessels
- Atmospheric Storage Tanks
- Pressure Vessels and Reactors
- Tank Dimensions
- Liquid Volume at Any Fill Height
- Time to Drain a Tank
- Emissions From Storage Tanks
- Load Cells
- Liquid-Liquid Separators
- Vapor-Liquid Separators
- Liquid Surge Volume
- Vapor Velocity in the Disengagement Section
- Vapor-Liquid Separator Size
- Vertical Separator
- Horizontal Separator
- Horizontal Drum With Water Separation
- Vessel Specifications
- Good Engineering Practices for Storage Tank and Vent Relief Design
- References
- Further Reading
- 6. Blending and Agitation
- Introduction
- Safety Considerations
- Basics
- Impeller Types
- Dimensional Analysis
- Reynolds Number and Turbulence
- Pumping Number
- Power and Power Number
- Blending
- Newtonian Fluids in Turbulent or Transitional Flow
- Shear-Thinning Fluids
- Laminar Flow Regime
- Solids Suspension
- Terminal Settling Velocity
- Scale of Agitation
- Number and Location of Impellers
- Impeller Speed and Agitator Power
- Gas Dispersion
- In-Line Mixers
- High-Shear Mixers
- Mixing Solids
- Mechanical Design
- Torque
- Shaft Diameter
- Impeller Weight
- Critical Speed
- References
- Further Reading
- 7. Pumps
- Introduction
- Safety Considerations
- Pump Types and Selection
- Centrifugal Pumps
- Positive Displacement Pumps
- Pump Specification Checklist
- Good Design Practice
- Pump Testing
- System Curves
- Sensitivity
- Operating Point-and-Pump Selection
- Flow Control With Throttling Valve
- Control Valve
- Charting Control Characteristics
- Flow Control by Changing the Pump Speed
- Affinity Laws
- Power
- Minimum Flow
- Temperature Rise
- Suction System NPSH Available
- Suction System NPSH for Studies
- Multiple Centrifugal Pumps in Parallel or Series
- References
- Further Reading
- 8. Fans, Blowers, and Compressors
- Introduction
- Safety Considerations
- Rules of Thumb
- Rules of Thumb (Compressors)
- Good Engineering Practice
- Compressed Air Systems
- Fans
- Fan Noise
- Blower Types
- Compressor Types
- Surge Control
- Performance Calculations
- Definitions
- Affinity Laws
- Power
- Fan
- Power
- Reciprocating Compressor
- Power
- Centrifugal Compressor
- Comparison With Manufacturer's Data
- Power With P-E Diagram
- Cost of Compressed Air
- Receiver Volume
- Time to Pump System to Pressure
- References
- Further Reading
- 9. Vacuum Systems
- Introduction
- Safety Considerations
- Vacuum Units
- Conversion Between Mass Flow, Actual Volume Flow, and Standard Volume Flow
- Comparison of Vacuum Equipment
- Vacuum Jets
- Liquid-Ring Vacuum Pumps
- Correcting for Seal Liquid Temperature and Composition
- Dry Vacuum Pumps
- Typical Jet Systems
- Steam Supply
- Measuring Air Leakage
- Time to Evacuate
- Instrumentation and Controls
- References
- Further Reading
- 10. Pneumatic Conveying
- Introduction
- Safety Considerations
- Flow Regimes
- Types of Systems
- System Design Procedure
- Saltation Velocity
- Pressure Drop
- Pressure Drop of Carrier Gas
- Acceleration of Solids
- Friction of Solids in Straight Pipe
- Friction of Solids in Elbows
- Lifting of Solids Through Vertical Sections
- Miscellaneous Factors
- Prime Movers
- Feed Systems
- Silos
- Conveyor Piping
- Disengagement
- References
- 11. Filtration
- Introduction
- Basket Strainers
- Cartridge Filters
- Vacuum Drum Filters
- Filter Presses
- Membrane Filters
- References
- 12. Heat Exchangers
- Introduction
- Safety Considerations
- TEMA
- Selection Guides
- Shell-and-Tube Heat Exchangers
- Plate-and-Frame Heat Exchangers
- Spiral Heat Exchangers
- Helical Coil Heat Exchangers
- Design Recommendations
- Process Data
- Heat Exchanger Configuration and Area
- Determining the LMTD Configuration Correction Factor
- Tube Side Pressure Drop
- Tube Side Film Coefficient
- Shell Diameter
- Ideal Shell Side Film Coefficient
- Shell Side Film Coefficient Correction Factors
- Baffle Cut and Spacing, Jc
- Baffle Leakage Effects, Jl
- Bundle and Partition Bypass Effects, Jb
- Variations in Baffle Spacing, Js
- Temperature Gradient for Laminar Flow Regime, Jr.
- Overall Heat Transfer Coefficient
- Shell Side Pressure Drop
- Heat Transfer Coefficients
- Fouling Resistances
- Installation Recommendations
- Thermal Conductivity of Metals
- Vacuum Condensers
- Air-cooled Heat Exchangers: Forced vs.
- Induced Draft
- Air-Cooled Heat Exchangers: Air Data
- Air-Cooled Heat Exchangers: Thermal Design
- Air-Side Heat Transfer Coefficient
- Air-cooled Heat Exchangers: Pressure Drop, Air Side
- Air-Cooled Heat Exchangers: Temperature Control
- References
- Further Reading
- 13. Closed-Loop Heat Transfer Systems
- Introduction
- Safety Considerations
- Selecting the Heat Transfer Fluid
- Types of Heat Transfer Fluids
- Heat Transfer Coefficient
- System Design
- Temperature Control
- Case 1: Single-Temperature Central System
- Case 2: Dual-Temperature Central System
- Case 3: Three-Temperature Central System
- Physical Properties of Commercial Heat Transfer Fluids
- References
- 14. Fractionators
- Introduction
- Safety Considerations
- Separation Factor
- Relative Volatility
- Vapor-Liquid Equilibrium (VLE)
- Activity Coefficients
- Sources for Activity Coefficients
- Establishing the Column Pressure
- Minimum Reflux
- Binary
- Bubble Point Liquid Feed
- Dew Point Vapor Feed
- Minimum Reflux
- Multicomponent
- Minimum Stages
- Relationship of Theoretical Stages to Reflux Ratio
- Feed Location
- Reflux-to-Feed Ratio
- Actual Trays
- Graphical Methods
- The McCabe-Thiele Diagram
- Plotting With Murphree Tray Efficiency
- Tray Efficiency Rules of Thumb
- Using the McCabe-Thiele Plot
- Column Internals
- Trays and Packing
- Column Tray Spacing
- Tower Diameter
- Souders-Brown Correlation
- Pressure Drop
- Trays
- Control Schemes
- Flow
- Column Pressure
- Level in the Overhead Receiver
- Level in the Bottom of the Tower
- Composition Control
- Constraints
- Reboilers
- Packed Columns
- References
- Further Reading
- 15. Absorbers
- Introduction
- Safety Considerations
- Hydrocarbon Absorber Design
- Inorganic Absorbers
- Packing Height for Mass Transfer in Packed Columns
- Overall Mass Transfer Coefficient
- References
- Further Reading
- 16. Controls
- Introduction
- Basic Nomenclature
- Definitions of Control Modes
- Proportional Control
- Integral (Reset) Control
- Derivative Control
- Cascade Control
- Specifying Instruments to Measure Values
- Control Ranges
- Drawing Conventions
- Artistic Expression
- Safety Instrumented Systems.
- Note continued: Enclosures: NEMA and IP
- References
- Further Reading
- 17. Biopharmaceutical Systems
- Introduction
- Facility Design and Sterilization Best Practices
- General Design Considerations
- System Design Considerations
- CIP System Design Considerations
- Sterilize (or Sanitize)-in Place (SIP) System Design Considerations
- Disposable Systems
- Disposable System Economic Evaluation
- Disposable System Environmental Life Cycle Assessment
- Open or Closed?
- Contamination Root Causes
- Design and Sterile Boundary Faults
- Equipment Faults
- Human Error (Procedures, Execution)
- Contamination Investigation and Recovery
- Time Is of the Essence
- Go for Data
- Widen the Search
- Get Hands-On
- Time to Open Up
- Experimental
- Microbiology Investigation
- Risk Assessment
- Validation
- References
- Further Reading
- 18. Bioprocessing
- Introduction
- Bioreactor Systems
- Typical Geometric and Engineering Parameters
- Bioreactor Controllers
- Clean Gas Supply to Bioreactors
- Oxygen Transfer
- Heat Transfer
- pH Control
- Downstream Processes
- Chromatography Purification
- Buffer Prep
- Liquid Waste Inactivation
- References
- 19. Energy Conservation
- Introduction
- Calculating Steam Cost
- Steam System Rules of Thumb
- Equivalent Cost of Fuels
- Steam Traps
- Energy Efficient Design for Fractionators
- Pinch Analysis
- Insulation
- References
- 20. Drivers
- Introduction
- Electric Motors
- Motor Voltages
- Motors: Efficiency
- Motors: Starter Sizes
- Motors: Useful Equations
- Motors: Overloading
- Air-Driven Motors
- Hydraulic Motors
- Steam Turbines: Steam Rate
- Steam Turbines: Efficiency
- Gas Turbines: Performance
- Internal Combustion Engines: Fuel Rates
- Gas Expanders: Available Energy
- References
- 21. Boilers
- Introduction
- Boiler Horsepower
- Types of Packaged Boilers
- Power Plants
- Controls
- Thermal Efficiency
- Stack Gas Enthalpy
- Steam Drum Stability
- Deaerator Venting
- Water Alkalinity
- Source Water Impurities
- Conductivity Versus Dissolved Solids
- Silica in Steam
- Caustic Embrittlement
- Waste Heat
- Boiler Feedwater
- Blowdown Control
- Best Practices
- Burner System Piping
- References
- Further Reading
- 22. Cooling Towers
- Introduction
- Safety Considerations
- Mechanical Draft Cooling Towers
- Material and Energy Balance Calculations
- Rating Nomenclature
- Performance Calculations
- Operations and Accessories
- Water Quality Guidelines
- Scale Prevention
- References
- 23. Refrigeration
- Introduction
- Specifications
- Indirect and Direct System Design
- Horsepower Per Ton
- Refrigerants
- Refrigerant Containment
- Steam Jet Ejectors
- Ammonia Absorption Utilities Requirements
- Ammonia Heat Transfer Coefficient
- References
- 24. Reliability
- Introduction
- Initial Design
- Risk Analysis
- Sustainable Practices
- References
- Further Reading
- 25. Metallurgy
- Introduction
- Cost Comparison
- Embodied Energy
- Embrittlement
- Stress-Corrosion Cracking
- Hydrogen Attack
- Pitting Corrosion
- Creep and Creep-Rupture Life
- Naphthenic Acid Corrosion
- Thermal Fatigue
- Abrasive Wear
- Pipeline Toughness
- Common Corrosion Mistakes
- References
- Further Reading
- 26. Troubleshooting
- Introduction
- General Troubleshooting Approach
- Diagnostic Tools
- Instruments
- Control Valves (Process Control)
- Shell-and-Tube Heat Exchangers
- Plate-and-Frame Heat Exchangers (PHEs)
- Fractionation Towers
- Fractionation Case Histories
- Pinch
- Key Components
- Profiles
- Troubleshooting Technique
- Cutting Corners
- Trapped Water
- Cocurrent
- Foaming
- Stacking Packing
- Tray Supports
- Boilup Control
- Condenser Velocity
- Blind Blind
- Temperature Control of Both Ends
- Nozzle Bottleneck
- Hatless Riser
- Tilted Distributor
- Hammer
- Aeration
- Siphoning
- Hot-Vapor Rules Bypassed
- Trapped
- Centrifugal Pumps
- Compressors
- Steam Jet Vacuum Systems
- Refrigeration
- References
- Further Reading
- 27. Startup
- Introduction
- Startup Management
- Change Control During Startup
- Startup Cost
- Systems Approach
- Construction Quality
- Startup Checklists
- Operating Modes
- Normal Startup
- Normal Operation
- Normal Shutdown
- Emergency Shutdown
- Prolonged Shutdown
- References
- 28. Conversion Factors and Constants
- Significant Figures and Rounding
- Gas Constant
- Standard Gas Volume
- Atmospheric Pressure
- Irrigation Conversion
- References
- 29. Properties
- Introduction
- Approximate Physical Properties
- Vapor-Pressure Equation
- Liquid Viscosity
- Dynamic (or Absolute) Viscosity
- Kinematic Viscosity
- Viscosity of Mixtures
- Emulsions
- Saybolt Universal Seconds
- Relative Humidity
- Nomenclature
- Surface Tension
- Thermodynamic Properties of Water and Steam
- Gas Diffusion Coefficients
- Bulk Modulus
- Water and Hydrocarbons
- Water in Natural Gas
- Hydrocarbons in Water
- Methanol Injection
- Compressibility Factor
- Inorganic Gases in Petroleum
- Foam Density
- Equivalent Diameter
- Estimating Equivalent Diameter of Solids
- Properties Data Sheet
- References
- Further Reading.