Multilayer flexible packaging /

Detalles Bibliográficos
Clasificación:Libro Electrónico
Otros Autores: Wagner, John R., Jr (Editor )
Formato: Electrónico eBook
Idioma:Inglés
Publicado: Oxford, UK : William Andrew is an imprint of Elsevier, 2016.
Edición:Second edition.
Colección:PDL handbook series.
Temas:
Plastics in packaging.
Plastics in packaging > Technological innovations.
Mati�eres plastiques dans l'emballage.
Mati�eres plastiques dans l'emballage > Innovations.
TECHNOLOGY & ENGINEERING > Chemical & Biochemical.
Plastics in packaging
Acceso en línea:Texto completo
Tabla de Contenidos:
  • Machine generated contents note: pt. I INTRODUCTION
  • 1. Introduction / Scott B. Marks
  • 1.1. Materials: A Historical Perspective
  • 1.2. Markets: A Global Economy
  • 1.3. Processes, Materials, Needs
  • 1.4. Materials and Barrier
  • 1.5. Materials and Sealing
  • 1.6. Bringing Things Together
  • References
  • pt. II RESINS
  • 2. Polyethylene / Rajen M. Patel
  • 2.1. Introduction
  • 2.2. Polyethylene History and Basic Characterization
  • 2.3. Melt Index
  • 2.4. Density
  • 2.5. Gel Permeation Chromatography
  • 2.6. Low-Density Polyethylene
  • 2.7. Free Radical Polymerization Processes
  • 2.8. Autoclave Reactor
  • 2.9. Tubular Reactor
  • 2.10. Polar Ethylene Copolymers
  • 2.11. Low-Pressure Polymerization Processes
  • 2.12. Gas-Phase Process
  • 2.13. Solution Process
  • 2.14. Slurry Processes
  • 2.15. Catalyst Chemistry
  • 2.15.1. Ziegler
  • Natta
  • 2.16. Chrome Oxide
  • Based Catalyst
  • 2.17. Single-Site (Metallocene) Catalyzed Polyethylene
  • 2.18. Tie Chain Molecules
  • 2.19. Summary
  • Acknowledgment
  • Note continued: References
  • 3. Polypropylene / Allison Calhoun
  • 3.1. Managerial Overview
  • 3.1.1. Describing Polymers
  • 3.1.2. Polymerization
  • 3.1.3. General Polypropylene Resin Classes
  • 3.2. Summary
  • References
  • 4. Introduction to Bio-Based Polymers / Antonio Meraldo
  • 4.1.Commercially Important Novel Biopolymer
  • 4.1.1. Poly lactic Acid
  • 4.1.2. Polybutylene Succinate
  • 4.1.3. Polyhydroxyalkanoate
  • 4.1.4. Polyethylene Furanoate
  • References
  • 5. Additives to Design and Improve the Performance of Multilayer Flexible Packaging / Sung-Leal Jung
  • 5.1. Introduction
  • 5.2. Overview
  • 5.3. Additive Handling, Addition, and Dosing
  • 5.4. Additive Types and Principal Mode of Action
  • 5.4.1. Antioxidants and Other Stabilizers
  • 5.4.2. UV Stabilizers
  • 5.4.3. Optical Brighteners
  • 5.4.4. Slip Additives
  • 5.4.5. Antiblock Additives
  • 5.4.6. Antistats
  • 5.4.7. Others
  • 5.5. Suppliers and Contacts
  • Appendix 5.1
  • Appendix 5.2
  • References
  • Note continued: 6. Rheology of Molten Polymers / David Strutt
  • 6.1. Introduction
  • 6.2. Viscosity and Melt Flow Index
  • 6.3. Mathematical Relations
  • 6.4. Extensional Viscosity and Melt Strength
  • 6.5. Normal Stress Differences and Extrudate Swell
  • 6.6. Stress Relaxation and Dynamic Measurements
  • 6.7. Constitutive Equations
  • 6.8. Sharkskin, Melt Fracture, and Die Lip Buildup
  • 6.9. Rheological Problems in Coextrusion
  • 6.10. Rheology of Filled Polymers
  • 6.11. Rheology of Nanocomposites
  • 6.12. Rheometers
  • 6.13. Concluding Remarks
  • References
  • pt. III TECHNOLOGIES
  • 7. Coextrusion Equipment for Multilayer Flat Films and Sheets / Eldridge M. Mount
  • 7.1. Designing and Manufacturing Multilayer Flexible Plastic Films with Multilayer Coextrusion Die Technology
  • 7.1.1. Overview
  • 7.1.2. Introduction
  • 7.1.3. General Coextrusion Equipment Overview
  • 7.1.4. Theoretical Understanding of Die and Feedblock Design Parameters
  • 7.1.5. Feedblock Designs
  • Note continued: 7.1.6. Die Designs
  • 7.1.7. Coextrusion Systems for Flat Films and Sheet
  • 7.1.8. Layer Instabilities, Causes, and Prevention
  • 7.1.9. Practical Examples
  • 7.2. Summary
  • References
  • 8. Multilayer Blown (Tubular) Film Dies / John Perdikoulias
  • 8.1. Introduction
  • 8.2. Conventional Coextrusion Dies
  • 8.3. Stacked Dies
  • 8.4. Interfacial Instability
  • References
  • 9. Process Engineering / Vincent Vezza
  • 9.1. Managerial Summary
  • 9.2. Process Engineering: What Is It and Why Is It Essential?
  • 9.3. Some Process Engineer Tools
  • 9.3.1. Histogram
  • 9.3.2. Scatter Diagram
  • 9.3.3. Design of Experiments
  • 9.3.4. Statistical Process Control
  • 9.4. Examples of How Process Engineers Can Save Time and Money
  • 9.5. Conclusion
  • 10. Blown Film, Cast Film, and Lamination Processes / John R. Wagner, Jr.
  • 10.1. Blown Film
  • 10.2. Cast Film
  • 10.3. Extrusion Coating and Lamination
  • References
  • 11. Machine Direction
  • Oriented Film Technology / Eric Hatfield
  • Note continued: 11.1. Managerial Summary
  • 11.2. Description of MDO Hardware and Technology
  • 11.3. How a Machine Direction Orientor Works
  • 11.3.1. Preheat
  • 11.3.2. Drawing
  • 11.3.3. Annealing
  • 11.3.4. Cooling
  • 11.4. The Process and Its Effect on the Film
  • 11.5. Properties of MD-Oriented Films
  • 11.5.1. Improved Optics
  • 11.5.2. Increased Tensiles
  • 11.5.3. Improved Stiffness
  • 11.5.4. Improved Barrier Properties
  • 11.5.5. Recent MDO Advances
  • 11.6. Summary
  • References
  • 12. Oriented Film Technology / Jurgen Breil
  • 12.1. Introduction
  • 12.2. Orienting Technologies
  • 12.3. Oriented Film Types
  • Applications
  • 12.3.1. Films Oriented Biaxially
  • 12.3.2. Film Oriented in Machine Direction
  • 12.3.3. Film Oriented in Transverse Direction
  • 12.4. Trends for Oriented Films
  • References
  • 13. Polymer Blending for Packaging Applications / Barry A. Morris
  • 13.1. Introduction
  • 13.2. Why Blend?
  • 13.3. Blending Processes
  • 13.3.1. Pellet Premixing
  • Note continued: 13.3.2. Melt Blending
  • 13.4. Physics of Blending
  • 13.4.1. Thermodynamics
  • 13.4.2. Morphology Development in Immiscible Blends
  • 13.5. Morphology Development in Blown Film
  • 13.5.1. Viscosity Ratio
  • 13.5.2. Interfacial Tension
  • 13.5.3. Minor Phase Concentration in Blend
  • 13.5.4. Polymer Elasticity (non-Newtonian behavior)
  • 13.5.5. Extruder RPM
  • 13.5.6. Extruder Temperature
  • 13.5.7. Shear Stress in Extruder, Adaptor, and Die
  • 13.5.8. Screw Design
  • 13.5.9. Draw Ratio
  • 13.5.10. Frost Line Height and Process Time
  • 13.6. Dispersion of Rigid Particles and Nanocomposites
  • 13.7. Rheology of Polymer Blends
  • 13.8. Conclusion
  • References
  • 14. Water- and Solvent-Based Coating Technology / Edward D. Cohen
  • 14.1. Introduction
  • 14.1.1. Coating Uniformity
  • 14.2. Coating Structures
  • 14.3. Web-Coating Machine Hardware and Functions
  • 14.4. Coating Applicators
  • 14.4.1. Classification of Applicators
  • 14.4.2. Role of Substrate
  • Note continued: 14.4.3. Coatabilty Limits
  • 14.4.4. Description of Coating Methods
  • 14.5. Effect of Solvent
  • 14.6. Hot Melt Coaters
  • 14.7. Selecting a Coating Method
  • 14.8. Drying and Solidification
  • 14.8.1. Constant Rate and Falling Rate Drying
  • 14.8.2. Pollution Considerations in Drying
  • References
  • 15. Vacuum Metallizing for Flexible Packaging / Eldridge M. Mount
  • 15.1. Introduction
  • 15.2. Decorative Coatings
  • 15.3. Barrier Coatings
  • 15.3.1. Light Barrier
  • 15.3.2. Oxygen Barrier
  • 15.3.3. Water Vapor Barrier
  • 15.3.4. Gas Barrier
  • 15.4. Functional Coatings
  • 15.5. Security Applications
  • 15.6. Metallization Basics
  • 15.7. Pattern Metallization
  • 15.8. Trends
  • 15.9. Summary
  • References
  • 16. Web Handling and Winding / David R. Roisum
  • 16.1. Web Handling Essentials
  • 16.2. Rollers
  • 16.3. Tension Control
  • 16.4. Nip Control
  • 16.5. Temperature Control
  • 16.6. Guiding and Path Control
  • 16.7. Wrinkles and Spreading
  • Note continued: 16.8.A Word About Slitting and Other Converting Processes
  • 16.9. Winding Is Essential
  • 16.10. Winding Tightness and the TNT's
  • 16.11. Winding Classes and Arrangements
  • 16.12. Theory Applied
  • 16.13. Other Common Wound Roll Defects
  • References
  • pt. IV MULTILAYER FILMS
  • DESCRIPTIONS, PERFORMANCE CHARACTERISTICS, USES, CONSIDERATIONS, PROPERTIES
  • 17. PE-Based Multilayer Film Structures / Barry A. Morris
  • 17.1. Introduction
  • 17.2. Polymer Selection
  • 17.3. Mechanical Properties
  • 17.4. Barrier Properties
  • 17.5. Polymer Sealability
  • 17.6. Adhesive Polymers
  • 17.7. Applications for Flexible Packaging Film Structures
  • 17.7.1. Medical Packaging
  • 17.7.2. Food Packaging
  • 17.8. Summary
  • References
  • 18. Multilayer-Oriented Films / Jurgen Breil
  • 18.1. Introduction
  • 18.2. Technology for Multilayer-Oriented Films
  • 18.3. Structures
  • 18.4. Trends for Multilayer-Oriented Films
  • 18.4.1. Cost Efficiency
  • 18.4.2. Consumer Requirements
  • Note continued: 18.4.3. Sustainability
  • 19. Regulatory Aspects of Food Packaging
  • A Global Matter / Sina Ebnesajjad
  • 19.1. Introduction
  • 19.1.1. Bisphenol A
  • 19.2. Determining the Regulatory Status of Components of a Food-Contact Material in the United States
  • 19.2.1. Food-Contact Formulation Compliance Notification
  • 19.3. Regulatory Report: FDA's FCS Notification Program
  • 19.3.1. Definitions, History, and Scope
  • 19.3.2. The Notification Process
  • 19.3.3. Increasing the Odds of Success
  • 19.3.4. FCS Formulations
  • 19.4. Preservation of Foods by Irradiation
  • 19.4.1. FDA Regulations for Treatment of Foods with Radiation
  • 19.4.2. Title 21 CFR 179
  • Subpart B: Radiation and Radiation Sources
  • 19.4.3. Title 21 CFR 179
  • Subpart C: Packaging Materials for Irradiated Foods
  • 19.5. Regulatory Aspects of Recycled Plastics
  • US FDA View
  • 19.5.1. Introduction
  • 19.5.2. Use of Recycled Plastics in Food Packaging: Chemistry Considerations
  • Note continued: 19.6. EU Legislation on Food-Contact Plastics
  • 19.6.1. EU Regulation No. 10/2011 on Plastic Materials Intended to Come into Contact with Food
  • 19.6.2. Consolidating Paragraphs
  • 19.6.3. Chapter I
  • General Provisions
  • 19.6.4. Chapter II: Compositional Requirements
  • 19.6.5. Chapter III: Specific Provisions for Certain Materials and Articles
  • 19.6.6. Chapter IV: Declaration of Compliance and Documentation
  • 19.6.7. Chapter V: Compliance
  • 19.6.8. Chapter VI: Final Provisions
  • 19.7. EU Legislation for Recycled Plastics
  • 19.7.1. Questions and Answers on Recycled Plastics in Food-Contact Materials
  • Acknowledgment
  • References.

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