Essentials of oil and gas utilities : process design, equipment, and operations /

Every oil and gas refinery or petrochemical plant requires sufficient utilities support in order to maintain a successful operation. A comprehensive utilities complex must exist to distribute feedstocks, discharge waste streams, and remains an integrated part of the refinery's infrastructure.

Detalles Bibliográficos
Clasificación:Libro Electrónico
Autor principal: Bahadori, Alireza (Autor)
Formato: Electrónico eBook
Idioma:Inglés
Publicado: Amsterdam : Gulf Professinal Publishing is an imprint of Elsevier, [2016]
Temas:
Petroleum refineries.
P�etrole > Raffineries.
refineries.
TECHNOLOGY & ENGINEERING > Power Resources > General.
Petroleum refineries
Acceso en línea:Texto completo
Tabla de Contenidos:
  • Cover
  • Title Page
  • Copyright Page
  • Dedication
  • Contents
  • Biography
  • Preface
  • Acknowledgments
  • Chapter 1
  • Fuel systems
  • 1.1
  • Fuel-supplying systems
  • 1.1.1
  • Fuel selection
  • 1.1.2
  • Gaseous fuel
  • 1.1.3
  • LPG vaporizer
  • 1.1.4
  • Liquid fuel
  • 1.1.5
  • Fuel oil system
  • 1.1.6
  • Refinery gasoline fuel
  • 1.2
  • Fired heaters fuel system
  • 1.3
  • Minimum data required for basic design
  • 1.4
  • Atomizing steam and tracing
  • 1.5
  • Shut-off systems
  • 1.6
  • Gas turbine fuel alternatives
  • 1.6.1
  • Gaseous fuels
  • 1.6.2
  • Liquid fuels
  • 1.6.3
  • Classification of petroleum fuels
  • 1.7
  • Operation of heat-off and emergency shutdown switches
  • 1.7.1
  • Heat-off switch
  • 1.7.2
  • Emergency shutdown switch
  • Chapter 2
  • Compressed air systems
  • 2.1
  • Compressed air systems
  • 2.2
  • Selecting the size and number of compressors
  • 2.3
  • Locating the compressors
  • 2.4
  • Automatic warning and shutdown systems
  • 2.5
  • Nonlubricated air compressors
  • 2.6
  • Compressed air distribution system
  • 2.7
  • Air storage (air receiver)
  • 2.8
  • Inlet and discharge piping
  • 2.8.1
  • Air inlet
  • 2.8.2
  • Inlet piping
  • 2.8.3
  • Air filters
  • 2.8.4
  • Discharge piping
  • 2.9
  • Refinery air system
  • 2.9.1
  • Instrument air
  • 2.9.2
  • Plant air
  • 2.10
  • Air dryers
  • 2.10.1
  • Desiccant type dryer
  • 2.10.2
  • Instrumentation
  • 2.10.3
  • Air filter
  • 2.10.4
  • Performance characteristics
  • 2.11
  • Moisture content of the air
  • 2.11.1
  • Effect of pressure and temperature on relative humidity
  • 2.12
  • Effect of temperature and pressure on dew point
  • 2.13
  • Pressure dew point
  • 2.14
  • Effect of moisture on air compressor intake capacity
  • 2.15
  • Pipe components definition of nominal size
  • 2.16
  • Instrument air quality and quantity
  • 2.17
  • Segregation
  • 2.18
  • Tool air supply
  • 2.19
  • Air supply plant
  • 2.20
  • Air compressors.
  • 2.20.1
  • Compressor specification
  • 2.20.2
  • Compressor piping
  • 2.20.3
  • Compressor controls
  • 2.21
  • Air drier
  • 2.21.1
  • The desiccant
  • 2.21.2
  • Regeneration
  • 2.21.3
  • Switching
  • 2.21.4
  • Filters
  • 2.21.5
  • Drier specification
  • 2.21.6
  • Aftercooler
  • 2.22
  • Buffer vessel (air receiver)
  • 2.23
  • Air supply piping
  • 2.23.1
  • Lay out
  • 2.23.2
  • Pipe sizes
  • 2.23.3
  • Piping details
  • 2.24
  • Air supply for plant-mounted instruments
  • 2.25
  • Air supply in the control center
  • Chapter 3
  • Fresh and spent caustic units and chemical injection systems
  • 3.1
  • Process requirements of fresh and spent caustic units
  • 3.1.1
  • Fresh caustic unit
  • 3.1.2
  • Design requirements
  • 3.2
  • Design requirements
  • 3.3
  • Spent caustic treating unit
  • 3.4
  • Chemical injection systems
  • 3.4.1
  • Feed concepts
  • 3.4.2
  • Chemical feed equipment used in water treatment
  • 3.4.3
  • Accessories
  • 3.4.4
  • Chemical additive feeding systems
  • 3.4.5
  • System design and operation of chemical feeders for cooling towers
  • 3.5
  • Equipment design and selection
  • 3.6
  • General requirements for design and construction of chemical dosing units in a water treating system
  • 3.6.1
  • Construction
  • 3.6.2
  • Materials
  • 3.6.3
  • Instrumentation and control
  • 3.6.4
  • Mechanical
  • 3.6.4.1
  • Chemical Tanks
  • 3.6.4.2
  • Pumps
  • 3.6.4.3
  • Other Items
  • 3.6.4.4
  • Inspection and Testing
  • 3.6.4.4.1
  • Shop Inspection and Testing
  • 3.7
  • General design requirements of chemical feed equipment
  • 3.7.1
  • Cooling tower warm lime softener
  • 3.7.2
  • Clarifier
  • 3.8
  • General design requirements of metering pump in chemical injection systems
  • 3.8.1
  • Installation
  • 3.8.2
  • Location
  • 3.8.3
  • Installation tips
  • 3.8.4
  • Suction line
  • 3.8.4.1
  • Suction pressure
  • 3.8.5
  • Relief valve
  • 3.8.6
  • Back pressure
  • 3.8.7
  • Siphoning
  • 3.8.8
  • Slurries.
  • 3.9
  • General design requirements of package type chemical injection systems
  • 3.9.1
  • Scope of supply
  • 3.9.2
  • Design requirements
  • 3.10
  • Scale control
  • 3.11
  • Sludge conditioning
  • 3.11.1
  • Caustic embrittlement
  • Chapter 4
  • Steam boilers
  • 4.1
  • Special design features
  • 4.1.1
  • Drums and steam generators
  • 4.1.2
  • Doors and openings
  • 4.1.3
  • Ducts and stacks
  • 4.1.4
  • Burners
  • 4.2
  • Insulation and casings
  • 4.3
  • Air heater
  • 4.4
  • Furnace
  • 4.5
  • Superheater/attemperator
  • 4.6
  • Valves and accessories
  • 4.7
  • Integral pipework
  • 4.8
  • Economizer
  • 4.9
  • Instrumentation
  • 4.9.1
  • Fans and drivers
  • 4.9.2
  • Boiler controls
  • 4.9.2.1
  • Steam Header Pressure Control (General Plant Control)
  • 4.9.2.2
  • Combustion Controls
  • 4.9.2.3
  • Feedwater Control System
  • 4.9.2.4
  • Boiler Master Control System
  • 4.9.2.5
  • Oxygen Compensation Control
  • 4.9.2.6
  • Control Valves
  • 4.9.3
  • Boiler feed and boiler water quality and chemical conditioning
  • 4.9.4
  • Soot blowers
  • 4.9.5
  • Tools
  • 4.9.6
  • Chemical cleaning
  • 4.10
  • Performance conditions
  • 4.10.1
  • Performance tests
  • 4.10.2
  • Air and gas
  • 4.10.3
  • Water
  • 4.10.4
  • Information required with quotations
  • 4.11
  • Fire-tube packaged boilers
  • 4.11.1
  • Materials
  • 4.11.2
  • Documentation
  • 4.11.2.1
  • With the Proposal
  • 4.11.2.2
  • Prior to Order
  • 4.11.2.3
  • During Design and Prior to Manufacture
  • 4.11.3
  • Piping, fittings, valves, and appliances water glasses
  • 4.11.3.1
  • Feed Piping
  • 4.11.3.2
  • Auxiliary Piping Component-Connections
  • 4.11.3.3
  • Valves
  • 4.11.4
  • Design
  • 4.11.4.1
  • Design of Welded Joints
  • 4.11.4.2
  • Joints Between Materials of Unequal Thickness
  • 4.11.4.3
  • Welded Joints Subject to Bending Stress
  • 4.11.4.4
  • Thickness Requirements
  • 4.11.4.5
  • Requirements for Inspection Openings.
  • 4.11.4.6
  • Opening Between Boiler and Safety Valve
  • 4.11.5
  • Burners
  • 4.11.6
  • Boiler feed pumps
  • 4.11.7
  • Fans, ducting, and stacks
  • 4.11.7.1
  • Forced Draft Fans
  • 4.11.7.2
  • Ducting
  • 4.11.7.3
  • Stacks
  • 4.11.8
  • Instruments, controls, and safety equipment
  • 4.11.9
  • Fabrication
  • 4.11.10
  • Welding Processes
  • 4.11.10.1
  • Assembly
  • 4.11.10.2
  • Tube to Tubesheet Joints
  • 4.11.10.3
  • Heat Treatment
  • 4.11.11
  • Preparation for shipment
  • 4.11.12
  • Inspection and testing
  • 4.11.12.1
  • Hydrostatic Test
  • 4.12
  • Water-tube boilers
  • 4.12.1
  • Basic design
  • 4.12.1.1
  • Steam Quality
  • 4.12.1.2
  • Circulation
  • 4.12.1.3
  • Pressure Parts
  • 4.12.1.4
  • Furnace
  • 4.12.1.5
  • Generation Tube Banks
  • 4.12.1.6
  • Superheater
  • 4.12.2
  • Refractory, insulation, and casings
  • 4.12.2.1
  • Integral Pipework
  • 4.12.2.2
  • Steam Trapping
  • 4.12.2.3
  • Economizer
  • 4.12.2.4
  • Air Heater
  • 4.12.2.5
  • Feed Heaters
  • 4.12.2.6
  • Draught Equipment
  • 4.12.2.7
  • Air and Flue-Gas Ducting
  • 4.12.2.8
  • Boiler Support Structure
  • 4.12.2.9
  • Boiler Mountings, Valves, Gages, and Safety Fittings
  • 4.12.2.10
  • Platforms, Stairways, and Ladders
  • 4.12.2.11
  • Burners
  • 4.12.3
  • Soot blowers
  • 4.12.3.1
  • Noise Limitations
  • 4.12.3.2
  • Corrosion
  • 4.12.3.3
  • Instruments, Controls, and Safety Equipment
  • 4.12.3.4
  • Control Valves
  • 4.12.3.5
  • Combustion Controls
  • 4.12.3.6
  • Fuel Supply to Burners
  • 4.12.3.7
  • Steam Superheat
  • 4.12.3.8
  • Steam Drum Water Level
  • 4.12.3.9
  • Feedwater Supply
  • 4.12.3.10
  • Burner Management
  • 4.12.4
  • Electrical equipment
  • 4.12.5
  • Stacks
  • 4.12.6
  • Boiler feed and boiler water quality and chemical conditioning
  • 4.12.7
  • Purchasing requirements
  • 4.12.7.1
  • Basic Design
  • 4.12.7.1.1
  • Terminal Points
  • 4.12.7.2
  • Boiler Mountings
  • 4.12.7.2.1
  • Safety Valves
  • 4.12.7.2.2
  • Water Level Gages.
  • 4.12.7.3
  • Fabrication Requirements
  • 4.12.7.3.1
  • Welding
  • 4.12.7.3.2
  • Performance Requirements
  • 4.12.7.4
  • Performance/Acceptance Tests
  • 4.12.7.5
  • Air and Gas
  • 4.12.7.6
  • Water
  • 4.12.7.7
  • Spares
  • 4.12.7.8
  • Special Tools
  • 4.12.7.8.1
  • Preparation for Shipment
  • 4.12.7.9
  • Guarantee
  • 4.12.7.10
  • Information Required with Quotations
  • 4.12.7.11
  • Schedule of Vendor's Documentations
  • 4.13
  • Process design of steam traps
  • 4.13.1
  • Types of traps
  • 4.13.2
  • Operating characteristics and suggested applications
  • 4.13.3
  • Design criteria
  • 4.13.3.1
  • Application Definition
  • 4.13.3.1.1
  • Drip and Tracer Traps
  • 4.13.3.1.2
  • Process Traps
  • 4.13.4
  • Steam trap selection
  • 4.13.5
  • Steam trap sizing
  • 4.13.6
  • Common problems of steam traps
  • 4.13.6.1
  • Freezing
  • 4.13.6.2
  • Air Binding
  • 4.13.6.3
  • Noise
  • 4.13.6.4
  • Steam Leakage
  • 4.13.6.5
  • Insufficient Pressure Difference
  • 4.13.6.6
  • Dirt
  • 4.13.6.7
  • Maintenance
  • 4.13.7
  • Proper steam trap installation
  • 4.13.7.1
  • Pipe Component-Nominal Size
  • Chapter 5
  • Cooling tower and cooling water circuits
  • 5.1
  • Introduction
  • 5.2
  • Types of cooling towers
  • 5.2.1
  • Natural Draught Towers
  • 5.2.1.1
  • Hyperboloidal tower
  • 5.2.1.2
  • Atmospheric tower
  • 5.2.2
  • Mechanical draught towers
  • 5.2.2.1
  • Forced draught tower
  • 5.2.2.2
  • Induced draught tower
  • 5.2.2.3
  • Counterflow tower
  • 5.2.2.4
  • Crossflow tower
  • 5.2.3
  • Mechanical draft towers
  • 5.2.4
  • Natural draft towers
  • 5.3
  • Design considerations
  • 5.3.1
  • Design parameters
  • 5.3.2
  • Ambient air temperatures
  • 5.3.3
  • Packings
  • 5.3.3.1
  • Types and selection
  • 5.3.3.2
  • Height of packing
  • 5.3.4
  • Cooling range and water quantity
  • 5.3.5
  • Recirculation
  • 5.3.6
  • Approach
  • 5.3.7
  • Water loadings
  • 5.3.8
  • Windage losses
  • 5.3.9
  • Drift losses
  • 5.3.10
  • Effect of altitude.
  • 5.4
  • Water quality.

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