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Natural gas processing : technology and engineering design /

Natural gas is considered the dominant worldwide bridge between fossil fuels of today and future resources of tomorrow. Thanks to the recent shale boom in North America, natural gas is in a surplus and quickly becoming a major international commodity. Stay current with conventional and now unconvent...

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Detalles Bibliográficos
Clasificación:	Libro Electrónico
Autor principal:	Bahadori, Alireza
Formato:	Electrónico eBook
Idioma:	Inglés
Publicado:	Amsterdam ; Boston : Elsevier, [2014]
Temas:	Natural gas. Chemical processes. Natural Gas Gaz naturel. Proc�ed�es chimiques. natural gas. TECHNOLOGY & ENGINEERING > Power Resources > General. Handbook Handbooks and manuals. Guides et manuels.
Acceso en línea:	Texto completo

Tabla de Contenidos:

Machine-generated contents note: ch. 1 Overview of Natural Gas Resources
1.1. The formation of natural gas
1.2. Conventional natural gas resources
1.3. Gas reservoir fluids
1.4. Unconventional natural gas resources
1.5. Hydraulic fracturing
Further reading
ch. 2 Natural Gas Properties
2.1. Fluid distribution in reservoir
2.2. Phase behaviour of hydrocarbon systems
2.3. Pressure-volume-temperature properties of hydrocarbon fluids
2.4. Gas compressibility factor
2.5. Equation of state
2.6. Gas specific gravity
2.7. Gas density
2.8. Specific volume
2.9. Isothermal compressibility of gases
2.10. Gas formation volume factor
2.11. Standard volume
2.12. Acentric factor
2.13. Viscosity
2.14. Thermal conductivity
2.15. Gross heating value of natural gases
References
Further reading
ch. 3 Single-phase and Multiphase Flow in Natural Gas Production Systems
3.1. Basic fluid flow theory
3.2. Process pipe-sizing for plants located onshore single-phase
3.3. Process pipe-sizing for plants located offshore
3.4. Transmission pipelines
3.5. Two-phase mixture properties
3.6. Two-phase flow pressure drop
3.7. General aspects in design of piping systems in oil, gas, and petrochemical plants
3.8. Isometric drawings
3.9. Line identification list
3.10. Pipe supports
3.11. Pressure-testing diagram
3.12. Tie-in diagram
3.13. Above-ground piping systems
3.14. Valves
3.15. Flanges
3.16. Instrument piping
3.17. Sample systems
3.18. Vents and drains
3.19. Blow-down
3.20. Utility piping
3.21. Piping adjacent to equipment
3.22. Piping flexibility
3.23. Piping supports
3.24. Insulation
3.25. Piping connections to existing plant
3.26. Underground piping systems
References
Further reading
ch. 4 Gas-Liquid Separators
4.1. Gravity settling
4.2. Gas-liquid separators in oil and gas processing
4.3. Conventional gas-liquid separators
4.4. Design criteria of separators
4.5. Gas-liquid separator-sizing
4.6. Specification sheet
4.7. Mist eliminator type and installation point
4.8. Centrifugal gas-liquid separators
4.9. Flare knock-out drums
4.10. Gas-liquid filter separators
4.11. Process requirements of vessels, reactors, and separators
4.12. Nature of the feed
4.13. Solid-liquid separators
4.14. Typical equations, which can be used for terminal velocity calculation
4.15. Vessels
Reference
Further reading
ch. 5 Gas Compressors
5.1. Type selection criteria
5.2. Centrifugal compressors
5.3. Design criteria
5.4. Reciprocating compressors
5.5. Axial compressors
5.6. Screw compressors
5.7. Rotary compressors
5.8. Compressor cooling water jacket
5.9. Atmospheric pressure
5.10. Specification sheets
5.11. Material for axial and centrifugal compressors and expander-compressors
5.12. Centrifugal and axial compressors
5.13. Integrally-geared compressors
5.14. Expander-compressors
Reference
Further reading
ch. 6 Blow-Down and Flare Systems
6.1. Blow-down system for vapour relief stream
6.2. Blow-down system for liquid relief stream
6.3. Design of disposal system components
6.4. Sizing a knock-out drum
6.5. Quench drum
6.6. Flares
6.7. Burning pits
6.8. Determination of liquid level in a horizontal vessel
6.9. Sample calculation for sizing a flare stack
6.10. Process design of emergency measures
References
Further reading
ch. 7 Safety Relive Valves Design
7.1. Provisions of pressure safety relief valves
7.2. Provisions of temperature safety valves
7.3. Provisions of vacuum safety valves
7.4. Provisions of rupture disks
7.5. Spare safety valves
7.6. Selection of type
7.7. Closed spring-type valves
7.8. Safety valves with lifting devices
7.9. Temperature safety-relief valves
7.10. Safety valve caps
7.11. Safety valve drains
7.12. Rupture disc types
7.13. Safety valve bonnet
7.14. Set pressure
7.15. Pressure safety or relief valve set pressure
7.16. Temperature safety valve set pressure
7.17. Rupture disc set pressure
7.18. Vacuum relief valve set pressure
7.19. Sizing
7.20. Vacuum relief valve-sizing
7.21. Temperature safety valve-sizing
7.22. Rupture disc sizing
7.23. Emergency vapour depressuring systems
7.24. Arrangement of safety relief valves
7.25. Location on vessels
7.26. Location of safety valve nozzles to minimize turbulence
7.27. Location of safety valve nozzles to minimize pulsation
7.28. Inlet piping of safety relief valves
7.29. Discharge piping of safety relief valves
7.30. Block valves
7.31. Discharge piping support
7.32. Position
7.33. Discharge piping of temperature safety valves
7.34. Venting and draining philosophy
7.35. Vapour venting
7.36. Liquid venting
7.37. Safety valve bonnet venting
7.38. Safety valve draining
7.39. Sizing for gas or vapour relief
7.40. Sizing for liquid relief
7.41. Material and engineering for pressure and vacuum relief devices
7.42. Design of rupture disks
7.43. Material
7.44. Inspection and shop tests
7.45. Marking, documentation, and preparation for shipment
7.46. General specification for springs of pressure relief valves
7.47. Testing and dimensional checks
References
Further reading
ch. 8 Sizing of Valve and Control Valve
8.1. Manual valves
8.2. Check valves
8.3. Control valves
8.4. Control valve-sizing
8.5. Calculating Cv for liquids
8.6. Liquid sizing examples
8.7. Calculating Cv for gases
8.8. Calculating Cv for two phase flow
8.9. Engineering and material for control valves
8.10. Control valve body-size and flange rating
8.11. Control valve characteristics
8.12. Control valve manifold design
8.13. Control valve block and bypass valves
8.14. Control valve packing and sealing
8.15. Control valve noise and vibration caused by sonic flow
8.16. Control valve actuators
8.17. Actuator construction materials
Further reading
ch. 9 Natural Gas Dehydration
9.1. Phase behaviour of dehydrated natural gas
9.2. Water content of natural gases
9.3. Gas water content prediction using generalized charts
9.4. Gas water content prediction using empirical methods
9.5. Methods based on EOS
9.6. Hydrates in natural gas systems
9.7. Thermodynamic model for the hydrate phase
9.8. Hydrate predictions for high CO2/H2S content gases
9.9. Hydrate inhibition
9.10. Natural gas dehydration methods
9.11. Adsorption of water by a solid
References
Further reading
ch. 10 Natural Gas Sweetening
10.1. Chemical solvent processes
10.2. Process selection
10.3. Chemical reaction processes
10.4. Simplified design calculations
10.5. General considerations
10.6. Corrosion in gas sweetening plants
10.7. Flash tank
10.8. Combined physical/chemical purification processes
10.9. Carbonate process
10.10. Physical absorption methods
10.11. Solid bed-sweetening methods (batch Processes)
10.12. Process design
Reference
Further reading
ch. 11 Sulphur Recovery
11.1. The Claus process
11.2. Technology overview
11.3. Acid gas enrichment
11.4. Oxygen enrichment
11.5. Reheat methods
11.6. Combustion operation
11.7. Sulphur condenser operation
11.8. Waste heat recovery operation
11.9. Catalyst converter operation
11.10. Claus tail gas treating process selection
11.11. Contact condenser (two-stage quench)
11.12. Solvent selection criteria in the tail gas unit
11.13. Ammonia destruction in a TGU (RACTM)
11.14. BSR Selectox
Reference
Further reading
ch.
12 Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG) Recovery
12.1. Properties
12.2. Natural gas liquids processing
12.3. Fractionation
12.4. Packed columns
12.5. Basic design requirements
12.6. Fractionation and system configuration
12.7. Absorption/stripping
12.8. Control and optimization
12.9. Storing and handling of liquefied petroleum gases (LPGs)
12.10. Design considerations
12.11. Transfer of LPG within the off-site facilities of oil and gas processing (OGP) plants
12.12. Pressure storage spheres for LPG
12.13. Material selection
12.14. General information
12.15. Design of pressure storage spheres
12.16. Nozzles and connections
12.17. Mountings
12.18. Access facilities
12.19. Fabrication
12.20. Insulation
Reference
Further reading
ch. 13 Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG)
13.1. The LNG chain
13.2. The LNG liquefaction facility
13.3. Liquefaction process
13.4. LNG storage
13.5. In-tank pump process objectives
13.6. LNG shipping
13.7. Liquefaction and refrigeration
13.8. Basic single-flow LNG process
13.9. Multi-stage MR process
13.10. Mixed-fluid cascade process
13.11. Classification of natural gas liquefaction processes
13.12. Type of LNG plants
13.13. Liquefaction cycle for LNG FPSO
13.14. Proposed LNG liquefaction processes for FPSO
13.15. Storage and transfer facilities of LNG
References
Further reading.
Note continued: ch. 14 Basic Engineering Design for Natural Gas Processing Projects
14.1. Contents of BEDP
14.2. Items common for all units
14.3. Manuals
14.4. Individual items for each unit
14.5. Specifications and data sheets
14.6. Drawings
14.7. Recommended practice for feasibility studies
14.8. Prefeasibility studies
14.9. Outline of prefeasibility study
14.10. Feasibility studies
14.11. Production program and plant capacity
14.12. Technology choice
14.13. Selection of machinery and equipment
14.14. Civil engineering works
14.15. Estimates of overall investment costs (capital cost estimates)
14.16. Organization and overhead costs
14.17. Human resources
14.18. Implementation, planning, and budgeting
14.19. Financial analysis and investment appraisal
14.20. Method of investment appraisal
14.21. Break-even analysis
14.22. Preparation of basic engineering design data
14.23. Data preparation of utilities (utility summary tables)
14.24. Data preparation of effluents
14.25. Data preparation of catalysts and chemicals
Further reading
ch. 15 Detailed Engineering and Design for Natural Gas Processing Projects
15.1. Detailed implementation plan
15.2. Project schedule and control services
15.3. Quality assurance and control
15.4. Detailed design and engineering
15.5. Procurements services
15.6. Supply of materials
15.7. Detail design & engineering documents
15.8. Supply of spare parts, miscellaneous equipment and materials, chemicals and catalysts
15.9. Reimbursable items
15.10. Process flow diagram (PFD) and piping and instrumentation diagrams
15.11. Identification and numbering of equipment
15.12. Description of equipment
15.13. Description of instrumentation
15.14. Material balance table
15.15. Piping and equipment symbols
15.16. Piping & instrumentation diagrams (P & IDs)
15.17. Minimum information to be shown on P & IDs
15.18. Equipment indication
15.19. Instrumentation
15.20. Piping
15.21. Special requirements
15.22. General notes
15.23. Design criteria for preparation of P & IDs
15.24. Bypass for safety/relief valve
15.25. Criteria for utility flow diagrams
15.26. Preparation of P & IDs
15.27. Handling of licensed process
15.28. Revisions of P & ID
15.29. Block and bypass valves for control valve
15.30. Philosophy of instrumentation installation
Further reading
ch. 16 Start-up Sequence and Commissioning Procedures
16.1. Preparation prior to initial start-up
16.2. Final inspection of vessels
16.3. Flushing of lines
16.4. Instruments
16.5. Acid cleaning of compressor lines
16.6. Breaking-in pumps
16.7. Breaking-in compressors
16.8. Dry-out and boil-out
16.9. Catalyst loading
16.10. Tightness test
16.11. Normal start-up procedures
16.12. Catalytic units reactor section air purging and gas blanketing
16.13. Heat exchanger activation
16.14. Vacuum test
16.15. Establish flow in the unit
16.16. Inhibitor/chemical injections
16.17. Typical acid cleaning procedure for compressor lines
16.18. The acid-cleaning operation
16.19. Typical heater dry-out procedure
16.20. Typical chemical boil-out sequence
16.21. Basic considerations in preparing operating manuals
16.22. Safety manual/quality manual
16.23. Non-licensed processes
16.24. Noteworthy points
16.25. Design basis
16.26. Plant technical and equipment manuals
Further reading.

Natural gas processing : technology and engineering design /

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