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Cathodic corrosion protection systems : a guide for oil and gas industries /
Corrosion is a naturally occurring cost, worth billions in the oil and gas sector. New regulations, stiffer penalties for non-compliance and aging assets are all leading companies to develop new technology, procedures and bigger budgets catering to one prevailing method of prevention, cathodic prote...
| Clasificación: | Libro Electrónico |
|---|---|
| Autor principal: | |
| Formato: | Electrónico eBook |
| Idioma: | Inglés |
| Publicado: |
Waltham, Massachusetts :
Elsevier,
2014.
|
| Temas: | |
| Acceso en línea: | Texto completo (Requiere registro previo con correo institucional) |
MARC
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| 100 | 1 | |a Bahadori, Alireza, |e author. | |
| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a Cathodic corrosion protection systems : |b a guide for oil and gas industries / |c Alireza Bahadori. |
| 264 | 1 | |a Waltham, Massachusetts : |b Elsevier, |c 2014. | |
| 264 | 4 | |c ©2014 | |
| 300 | |a 1 online resource (493 pages) | ||
| 336 | |a text |b txt |2 rdacontent | ||
| 337 | |a computer |b c |2 rdamedia | ||
| 338 | |a online resource |b cr |2 rdacarrier | ||
| 504 | |a Includes bibliographical references and index. | ||
| 588 | 0 | |a Print version record. | |
| 520 | |a Corrosion is a naturally occurring cost, worth billions in the oil and gas sector. New regulations, stiffer penalties for non-compliance and aging assets are all leading companies to develop new technology, procedures and bigger budgets catering to one prevailing method of prevention, cathodic protection. Cathodic Corrosion Protection Systems: A Guide for Oil and Gas Industries trains on all the necessary reports, inspection criteria, corrective measures and critical standards needed on various oil and gas equipment, structures, tanks, and pipelines. | ||
| 505 | 0 | |a Machine generated contents note: 1.1. Behavior of Buried or Immersed Metals in the Absence of CP -- 1.1.1. The Nature of Metallic Corrosion -- 1.1.2. Polarization -- 1.1.3. Formation of Cells -- 1.1.4. Passivity -- 1.1.5. Reactions at Cathodic Areas -- 1.2. Cathodic Protection -- 1.2.1. Basis of CP -- 1.3. Considerations Applicable to Most Types of Structures -- 1.3.1. Range of Application -- 1.3.2. Basis of Design -- 1.3.3. Design or Modification of Structures to be Protected -- 1.3.4.Comparison of the Various Systems -- 1.3.5. Special Considerations -- 1.3.6. Measures to Safeguard Neighboring Structures -- 1.3.7. Design of CP Installations to Minimize Corrosion Interaction -- 1.3.8. Measures to Reduce Corrosion Interaction -- 1.3.9. CP Systems Installed Adjacent to Telecommunication Services -- 1.3.10. CP Systems Adjacent to Railway Signals and Protection Circuits -- 1.3.11. Interaction at Discontinuities in Cathodically Protected Structures -- 1.3.12. Jetties and Ships: Corrosion Interaction at Sea and River Terminals -- 1.4. Safety Aspects -- 1.4.1. Danger of Electric Shock -- 1.4.2. Fault Conditions in Electricity Power Systems in Relation to Remedial and/or Unintentional Bonds -- 1.4.3. Hydrogen Evolution -- 1.4.4. Installation in Hazardous Atmospheres -- 2.1. Criteria for Cathodic Protection -- 2.2. Buried Pipes -- 2.3. Tanks Exteriors -- 2.4. Submerged Pipelines -- 2.5. Offshore Structures and Ship Hulls -- 2.6. Tank, Pipe, and Water Box Interiors -- 2.7. Well Casings -- 2.8. Types of Cathodic Protection Systems -- 2.8.1. Impressed Current Systems -- 2.8.2. Galvanic Anode Systems -- 2.8.3. Galvanic versus Impressed Current System -- 2.9. Equipment and Facilities for Impressed Current Systems -- 2.9.1. Cathodic Protection Transformer Rectifiers -- 2.9.2. Alternative Cathodic Protection Power Sources -- 2.9.3. Impressed Current Anodes -- 2.9.4. Cables -- 2.9.5. Insulating Devices -- 2.9.6. Anode Beds -- 2.9.7. Electrical Bonding Station -- 2.9.8. Test Stations -- 2.9.9. Connections -- 2.9.10. Electrical Continuity -- 2.9.11. Protective Coatings -- 2.9.12. Insulation -- 2.9.13. Safety -- 2.9.14. Site Survey -- 2.9.15. Provision for Testing -- 2.10. Cathodic Protection of Buried Steel Pipes -- 2.10.1. Application -- 2.10.2. Types of Cathodic Protection Systems -- 2.10.3. Galvanic Anode Systems -- 2.10.4. Isolation of Buried Pipes -- 2.10.5. Test and Bonding Stations -- 2.10.6. Cased Crossing Test Station -- 2.10.7. Line Crossing Test Station -- 2.10.8. Insulated Fitting Test Station -- 2.10.9. System Design -- 2.10.10. Particular Considerations -- 2.11. Cathodic Protection In-Plant Facilities -- 2.11.1. Application -- 2.11.2. Types of Cathodic Protection Systems -- 2.11.3. Impressed Current System Details -- 2.11.4. Galvanic Anode System Details -- 2.11.5. Test and Bonding Stations -- 2.11.6. Hazardous Locations -- 2.11.7. Oil Storage Tank Bottoms -- 2.12. Cathodic Protection of Vessel and Tank Internals -- 2.12.1. Types of Cathodic Protection Systems -- 2.12.2. Current Density -- 2.12.3. Anode Distribution -- 2.12.4. Reference Electrode Position -- 2.12.5. Protection of Specific Installations -- 2.13. Cathodic Protection of Marine Structures -- 2.13.1. Current Density -- 2.13.2. Marine Structural Zones -- 2.13.3. Zone Protection -- 2.13.4. Protection of Specific Installations Including Vessels -- 2.13.5. Anodes for Impressed Current Systems -- 2.13.6. Anodes for Galvanic Anode Systems -- 2.13.7. Boosted Polarization -- 2.13.8. Cathodic Protection Design for Marine Structures -- 2.13.9. Fixed Potential Monitoring Systems -- 2.13.10. Potential Survey -- 2.13.11. Retrofits -- 2.14. Anodic Protection -- 2.14.1. Principles of Anodic Protection -- 2.14.2. Contrast with Cathodic Protection -- 2.14.3. Effects of Variable Factors on Anodic Protection -- 2.14.4. Applications to Process Plants -- 3.1. Principles of Cathodic Protection -- 3.2. Methods of Applying Cathodic Protection -- 3.2.1. Impressed Current -- 3.2.2. Sacrificial Anodes -- 3.3. Protection Potentials -- 3.4. Current Density -- 3.5. Coatings -- 3.6. Calcareous Scales -- 3.7. Choice of a Cathodic-Protection System -- 3.8. Anode Resistance -- 3.9. Impressed-Current System -- 3.9.1. Current[--]Voltage Relationships -- 3.9.2. Single Drain Point -- 3.9.3. Multiple Drain Points -- 3.9.4. Effect of Coating -- 3.9.5. Point of Minimum Protection -- 3.9.6. Bare and Poorly Coated Lines -- 3.9.7. Voltage Limitations -- 3.9.8. Current Requirements -- 3.9.9. Measurements -- 3.9.10. Sizing of Rectifiers -- 3.9.11. Calculations -- 3.10. Galvanic Anode System -- 3.10.1. Symbols -- 3.10.2. Current Output -- 3.11. Design Principle of Cathodic Protection for Marine Structures -- 3.11.1. Design- Calculations -- 3.11.2. Single Cylindrical Vertical Anode -- 3.11.3. Group of Vertical Anodes Equally Spaced in a Straight Line -- 3.11.4. Galvanic Anode Systems -- 3.11.5. Anode Output Formula -- 3.11.6. Pipelines and Attenuation of Potential -- 3.11.7. Sacrificial Anode Materials -- 3.11.8. The Use of Sacrificial. | |
| 505 | 0 | |a Anodes for Internal Cathodic Protection -- 3.11.9. The Type and Number of Anodes Required -- 3.11.10. Anode Location -- 3.11.11. The Use of Sacrificial Anodes for External Cathodic Protection -- 3.11.12. The Type and Number of Anodes Required (Full Hull Protection) -- 3.12. Anode Location -- 3.12.1. Fitting Out Protection -- 3.12.2. Tank Descaling -- 3.12.3. Individual Anode Output Determination and Calculation (Sacrificial Anodes) -- 3.12.4. Impressed Current -- 3.13. Anodic Protection -- 4.1. Impressed Current Anodes -- 4.2. Manufacturing of Materials -- 4.3. Anode Casting -- 4.3.1. Casting of High-Silicon[--]Chromium[--]Iron Anode -- 4.3.2. Casting of Graphite Anode -- 4.3.3. Casting of Magnetite Anode -- 4.4. Lead Wire-to-Anode Connection -- 4.5. Anode Lead Wire -- 4.5.1. Conductor -- 4.5.2. Lead Wire Insulation -- 4.6. Properties -- 4.6.1. Mechanical Resistance Test -- 4.6.2. Electrical Resistance Test -- 4.6.3. Temperature Dependence -- 4.6.4. Fluoropolymer-Insulated Anode Lead Wire Test -- 4.6.5. Radiographic Test -- 4.7. Dimensions and Weights -- 4.8. Carbonaceous Backfill for Impressed Current Anodes -- 4.8.1. Requirements -- 4.8.2. Bulk Density -- 4.8.3. Resistivity -- 4.8.4. Particle Size -- 4.9. Galvanic Anodes for Underground Applications (Magnesium and Zinc) -- 4.9.1. Classification -- 4.9.2. Materials and Manufacture -- 4.9.3. Anode Composition -- 4.9.4. Anode Core -- 4.9.5. Production Testing -- 4.9.6. Requirements -- 4.9.7. Workmanship, Finish, and Appearance -- 4.9.8. Mechanical Resistance -- 4.9.9. Electrical Resistance -- 4.9.10. Anode Dimensions and Weights -- 4.9.11. Zinc Anodes -- 4.9.12. Methods of Attachment of Cable for Cast Anodes -- 4.9.13. Identification of Anodes -- 4.10. Chemical Backfill for Galvanic Anodes -- 4.10.1. Backfill Composition -- 4.10.2. Particle Size -- 4.10.3. Backfill Analysis -- 4.10.4. Anode Packaging -- 4.11. Method for the Determination of the Anode-to-Core Resistance of Galvanic Anodes -- 4.11.1. Circuit -- 4.11.2. Procedure -- 4.12. Galvanic Anodes for Submerged Applications (Magnesium and Zinc) -- 4.12.1. Materials and Manufacture -- 4.12.2. Magnesium Anodes -- 4.12.3. Zinc Anodes -- 4.12.4. Production Testing -- 4.12.5. Requirements -- 4.12.6. Quality of Steel Inserts -- 4.12.7. Electrical Resistance -- 4.12.8. Identification of Anodes -- 4.13. Method for the Determination of the Anode-to-Core Resistance of Galvanic Anodes -- 4.13.1. Principle -- 4.13.2. Apparatus -- 4.13.3. Circuit -- 4.13.4. Procedure -- 4.14. Bracelet-Type Galvanic Anodes for Submarine Pipelines (Aluminum and Zinc) -- 4.14.1. Materials and Manufacture -- 4.14.2. Alloy Composition -- 4.14.3. Production Testing -- 4.15. Anode Core Steel Works -- 4.15.1. Insert Material -- 4.15.2. Insert Surface Preparation -- 4.15.3. Welding -- 4.15.4. Requirements -- 4.15.5. Mechanical Resistance -- 4.15.6. Electrical Resistance -- 4.15.7. Consumption Rate of Aluminum Anodes in Seawater -- 4.15.8. Closed Circuit Potential of Aluminum Anodes in Seawater -- 4.15.9. Surface Irregularities in the Anode Casting -- 4.15.10. Cracks in Cast Anodes Material -- 4.15.11. Anode Connections -- 4.16. Method for the Determination of the Anode-to-Core Resistance of Galvanic Anodes -- 4.16.1. Apparatus -- 4.16.2. Circuit -- 4.16.3. Procedure -- 4.17. Method for the Determination of the Consumption Rate of Aluminum Anode Alloys Immersed in Seawater -- 4.17.1. Apparatus -- 4.17.2. Circuit -- 4.17.3. Preparation of Test Anodes -- 4.17.4. Procedure -- 4.18. Method for the Determination of the Closed-Circuit Potential of Aluminum Anodes Immersed in Seawater -- 4.18.1. Apparatus -- 4.18.2. Circuit -- 4.18.3. Preparation of Test Anode -- 4.18.4. Procedure -- 4.19. Cast Galvanic Anodes for Fixed Offshore Installations (Aluminum) -- 4.19.1. Materials and Manufacture -- 4.19.2. Type of Anodes -- 4.19.3. Chemical Composition -- 4.19.4. Production Testing -- 4.19.5. Anode Insert -- 4.20. Requirements -- 4.20.1. Casting Quality -- 4.20.2. Weight and Dimensional Tolerances -- 4.20.3. Performance Requirements -- 4.20.4. Identification of Anodes -- 4.20.5. Anode Protection -- 4.21. CP Cables -- 4.21.1. Conductor -- 4.21.2. Insulation -- 4.21.3. Insulating Materials -- 4.22. Specific Cable Requirements -- 4.22.1. Positive Conductor Cable -- 4.22.2. Negative, Bond, or Test Conductor Cable -- 4.23. Quality Assurance Provisions -- 4.24. Tests -- 4.25. Fabrication and Inspection of Monolithic Insulating Joints -- 4.25.1. Design -- 4.25.2. Materials -- 4.25.3. Manufacture -- 4.26. Approved Welding Processes -- 4.27. Coating -- 4.28. Quality Assurance Provisions -- 4.29. Tests -- 4.29.1. Chemical Analysis -- 4.29.2. Mechanical Test -- 4.29.3. Dielectric Test and Megger Test -- 4.29.4. Hydrostatic Test -- 4.29.5. Low Pressure Leakage Test (Air Test) -- 4.29.6. Prototype Tests -- 4.29.7. Radiographic Test -- 4.29.8. Magnetic Particle and Ultrasonic Test -- 4.29.9. Dye Penetrant Test -- 4.29.10. Visual Inspection and Dimensional Check -- 4.30. Flange Insulation Kit -- 4.30.1. Materials -- 4.30.2. Requirements -- 4.30.3. Detail Requirements for Insulating Gaskets and Sleeves -- 4.30.4. Packaging -- 4.30.5. Quality Assurance Provisions | |
| 505 | 0 | |a Note continued: 4.30.6. Sampling -- 4.31. Polypropylene Rope -- 4.31.1. Requirements -- 4.31.2. Other Characteristics -- 4.31.3. Quality Assurance Provisions -- 4.31.4. Splicing Kit -- 4.31.5. Description -- 4.31.6. Materials and Manufacture -- 4.31.7. Properties of Catalyzed Resins -- 4.31.8. Packaging -- 4.31.9. Sampling -- 4.32. Split Bolt Connector (Line Tap) -- 4.32.1. Materials and Manufacture -- 4.32.2. Dimensions -- 4.32.3. Workmanship, Finish, and Appearance -- 4.32.4. Quality Assurance Provisions -- 4.32.5. Splice Coating Materials -- 4.32.6. Electrical Insulating Plastic Tape -- 4.33. Rubber Splicing Tape -- 4.33.1. Materials and Manufacture -- 4.33.2. Requirements -- 4.33.3. Storage Test -- 4.33.4. Roll Size -- 4.33.5. Color -- 4.33.6. Packaging, and Sampling -- 4.34. Thermit Weld (Cad Weld) Powder -- 4.34.1. Sampling -- 5.1. Criteria for Cathodic Protection -- 5.1.1. Buried Pipes -- 5.1.2. Tanks Exteriors -- 5.1.3. Submerged Pipelines -- 5.1.4. Offshore Structures and Ship Hulls -- 5.1.5. Tank, Pipe, and Water Box Interiors -- 5.1.6. Well Casings -- 5.1.7. Potential Limits -- 5.1.8. Aluminum -- 5.1.9. Lead -- 5.1.10. Stainless Steels -- 5.1.11. Steel in Concrete -- 5.2. Periodic Inspection -- 5.2.1. Potential Survey -- 5.2.2. Test Equipment for Potential Survey -- 5.2.3. Procedure to Be Observed -- 5.3. Potential Survey of Buried Steel Pipes -- 5.3.1. Instruments -- 5.3.2. Potential Measurements -- 5.3.3.Compensation for the IR Drop Component in Cathodically Protected Pipelines -- 5.3.4. Overprotection -- 5.3.5. Potential Survey at Cased Crossings -- 5.3.6. Potential Tests at Insulating Devices -- 5.4. Potential Survey of Cathodically Protected Reinforced Concrete -- 5.4.1. Potential Measurement -- 5.4.2. Electrodes and Probes for Some Concretes -- 5.5. Potential Survey of Offshore Structures -- 5.5.1. Reference Electrodes -- 5.5.2. Methods of Measurement -- 5.5.3. Potential Measurements with a Diver-Operated Unit -- 5.5.4. Potential Measurements with Surface Voltmeter, Cable, and Measuring Electrode -- 5.5.5. Subsea Pipeline Potential Survey -- 5.5.6. Time Intervals -- 5.5.7. The Extent of the Potential Survey -- 5.6. Inspection of Rectifiers -- 5.6.1. Records -- 5.6.2. Major Points for Routing Inspection -- 5.6.3. Annual Inspection -- 5.7. Inspection of Ground Bed -- 5.7.1. On-land Ground Bed -- 5.7.2. Submerged Ground Beds -- 5.8. Inspection of Offshore Sacrificial Anodes -- 5.9. Current Survey -- 5.9.1. Pipelines -- 5.9.2. Offshore Structures -- 5.10. Inspection Following Failure Report -- 5.10.1. Increase in Circuit Resistance -- 5.10.2. Stray Electric Currents -- 5.10.3. Tests for Electrical Continuity -- 5.10.4. Problems Associated with Galvanic Anode Installation -- 5.11. Inspection and Survey for Efficiencies of Coatings -- 5.11.1. Coating Resistance Measurement -- 5.11.2. Attenuation Test Method -- 5.11.3. Pearson Method -- 5.11.4. Coating Inspection by C-Scan -- 5.11.5. Visual Inspection -- 5.11.6. Over-the-Line Potential Survey -- 5.12. Data Recording and Analysis -- 5.12.1. Data Recording -- 5.12.2. Analysis of Data -- 5.13. Interferences -- 5.13.1. Cathode Field Interferences -- 5.13.2. Measurements of Cathode Field Interferences -- 5.13.3. Anode Field Interferences -- 5.13.4. Measurements of Anode Field Interferences -- 5.13.5. Corrective Measurers -- 5.14. Meters and Equipment -- 5.14.1. Reference Electrode -- 5.14.2.C6pper/Copper Sulfate Electrode -- 5.14.3. Silver/Silver Chloride Electrode -- 5.14.4. Pure Zinc Electrode -- 5.14.5. Calomel Electrode -- 5.15. Potentiometer and Voltmeter -- 5.15.1. Conventional Voltmeter (High Resistance) -- 5.15.2. Potentiometer[--]Voltmeter -- 5.15.3. Potentiometer -- 6.1. Test Methods for the Short Circuit Point -- 6.1.1. Locating Casing Short Circuit -- 6.1.2. Insulation Tests -- 6.2. American Society for Testing and Material Standard Test Method for Half-Cell Potentials of Uncoated Reinforcing Steel Bar in Concrete -- 6.2.1. Scope -- 6.2.2. Significance and Use -- 6.2.3. Apparatus -- 6.2.4. Calibration Standardization -- 6.2.5. Procedure -- 6.2.6. Recording Half-Cell Potential Values -- 6.2.7. Data Presentation -- 6.2.8. Interpretation of Results -- 6.2.9. Report -- 6.2.10. Precision and Bias -- 6.3. Subsea Pipeline CP Survey Method -- 6.3.1. Introduction -- 6.3.2. System Components -- 6.3.3. Survey Operation -- 6.3.4. Survey Results -- 6.4. Line Current Survey Test Method -- 6.4.1. Test Procedure with the Test Point Consisting of Four Wires -- 6.4.2. Test Procedure Using the Null Amp Test Circuit for Line Current Measurement -- 6.5.Computer Modeling of Offshore CP Systems Utilized in CP Monitoring -- 6.5.1.Computerized Modeling Techniques -- 6.5.2. Short Theoretical Background -- 6.5.3. Numerical Solutions -- 6.5.4. Analysis of Existing CP Systems -- 6.5.5. Performance of Sacrificial Anodes -- 6.5.6. Analysis of Attenuation Curves at Sacrificial Anodes -- 6.5.7. Potentials in Nodal Areas[--]Improved Efficiency in Potential Surveys of Nodes -- 6.6. Coating Resistance Measurement Method -- 6.6.1. Current[--]Voltage Change Method -- 6.6.2. Pipeline Current with Interrupter On and Off -- 6.7. Test Method and Calculation for "Attenuation Constant" -- 6.7.1. Significance of Attenuation Constant -- 6.7.2. Example Use of Graph Relating to Attenuation Constant -- 6.8. Coating Inspection by the Pearson Method -- 6.8.1. Equipment -- 6.8.2. Procedure -- 6.8.3. Data Obtained -- 6.8.4. Presentation of Data -- 6.9. Coating Inspection by the C-Scan System -- 6.9.1.C-Scan System Features -- 6.9.2. Performing Survey by C-Scan -- 6.9.3. Advantages of the System -- 6.9.4. Theoretical Background -- 6.9.5. Operation Principle -- 6.10. Coating Evaluation by Electromagnetic Current Attenuation Survey -- 6.10.1. Equipment -- 6.10.2. Procedure -- 6.10.3. Data Obtained -- 6.10.4. Presentation of Data -- 6.10.5. Criteria and Interpretation -- 6.11. Close Interval Pipe-to-Soil Potential Survey -- 6.11.1. Measurement Intervals -- 6.11.2. Switching Frequency -- 6.11.3. Distance Measurement -- 6.11.4. Stationary Measurements -- 6.11.5. Equipment -- 6.11.6. Procedure -- 6.11.7. Data Obtained -- 6.11.8. Presentation of Data -- 6.11.9. Criteria and Interpretation -- 6.12. An Example for Cathodic Field Interference Test Method -- 6.13. Tests for Electrical Continuity -- 7.1. Galvanic Anodes -- 7.2. Impressed Current Anodes -- 7.3. Transformer/Rectifier Equipment -- 7.4. Excavation and Backfilling -- 7.5. Installation of CP Systems for Buried Pipelines -- 7.5.1. Installation of Impressed Current Systems -- 7.5.2. Installation of Transformer/Rectifier Equipment -- 7.5.3. Cabling -- 7.5.4. Electrical Connections -- 7.5.5. Installation of Test Stations (Test Points) -- 7.5.6. Installation of Test Box(es) -- 7.5.7. Earthing of CP Equipment -- 7.5.8. Fencing -- 7.5.9. Parallel Power Lines -- 7.5.10. Lightning Protection -- 7.5.11. Surge Arrestors -- 7.6. Installation of Galvanic Anode Systems -- 7.6.1. Single Packaged Anode -- 7.6.2. Multiple Galvanic Anodes -- 7.6.3. Extruded Ribbon Anodes -- 7.6.4. Connection of Galvanic Anodes to the Pipeline -- 7.7. Installation of CP Systems for Compact Buried Structures -- 7.7.1. Structure Preparation (to be- Considered by the Structural Constructor) -- 7.7.2. Installation of Permanent Reference Electrodes -- 7.7.3. Installation of Insulating Flanges, Joints, and Couplings -- 7.8. Installation of CP Systems for Internal Surfaces -- 7.8.1. Materials and Equipment Acceptance (or Compliance) -- 7.8.2. Installation of Impressed Current Systems -- 7.8.3. Safety Precautions -- 7.8.4. Installation of Galvanic Anode Systems -- 7.8.5. Permanently Installed Reference Electrodes -- 7.9. Installation of CP Systems for Marine Structures -- 7.9.1. Immersed Structures -- 7.9.2. Installation of Galvanic Anode Systems -- 7.9.3. Electrical Connections -- 7.9.4. Corrosion Control Test Stations, Connection, and Bonds -- 7.9.5. Installation of Insulating Joints/Flanges and Devices -- 7.10. Submarine Pipelines -- 7.10.1. Installation of Impressed Current Systems -- 7.10.2. Installation of Galvanic Anode Systems -- 7.10.3. Corrosion Control Test Stations, Connections, and Bonds | |
| 505 | 0 | |a 7.10.4. Reinforcement -- 7.10.5. Pipeline Crossings -- 7.11. Electrical Measurements and Tests -- 7.11.1. Potential Measurements -- 7.11.2. Potential Survey of Internal Protection of the Plant -- 7.11.3. Determination of Bond Resistance -- 7.12. Tests Prior to Installation of CP on Buried or Immersed Structures -- 7.12.1. Soil/Water Evaluation -- 7.12.2. Structure/Electrolyte "Natural" Potential Survey -- 7.12.3. Stray Electric Currents -- 7.12.4. Tests for Electrical Continuity -- 7.13. Tests during the Commissioning Period -- 7.13.1. Buried Structures -- 7.13.2. Fixed Immersed Structures -- 7.13.3. Internal Protection of Plant -- 7.13.4. Internal Surfaces -- 7.14. Specialized Surveys -- 8.1. Precommissioning Inspection and Check -- 8.2. Hookup and Commissioning -- 8.2.1. Impressed Current Systems -- 8.2.2. Sacrificial Anodes -- 8.2.3. Interference -- 8.3.Commissioning Survey -- 8.4.Commissioning Report -- 8.5. Installation of Electrical Isolation Equipment -- 8.5.1. Installation -- 8.5.2. Insulating Joints -- 8.5.3. Isolated Flange Joints -- 8.5.4. Protection Against External Moisture Ingress -- 8.5.5. Pipeline Casing Insulators -- 8.5.6. High Voltage Protection -- 8.6. Thermit Welding of CP Leads -- 8.7. Pipe Preparation -- 8.8. Thermit Weld Preparation and Procedure -- 8.9. Control of Interference Currents on Foreign Structures -- 8.10. Notifying Owners of Other Structures for Interference Testing -- 8.11. Interference Testing -- 8.11.1. Stage at Which Interference Tests Shall Be Made -- 8.11.2. Tests to Assess Interference. -- 8.11.3. Tests After Remedial Measures Have Been Applied -- 8.12. Criteria for Limiting Corrosion Interaction -- 8.12.1. Limit of Positive Structure/Electrolyte Potential Changes for All Structures -- 8.12.2. Negative Changes of Structure/Electrolyte Potential -- 8.12.3. Control of Interference -- 8.12.4. Control by the Use of Galvanic Anodes -- 8.12.5. Control by the Use of Impressed Current CP -- 8.12.6. Control by Bonding | |
| 505 | 0 | |a Note continued: 8.12.7. Fault Conditions in Electricity Power Systems in Relation to Remedial and/or Unintentional Bonds -- 8.13. Telluric Current -- 8.14. AC Effects -- 8.15. Measurement of Soil Resistivity -- 8.16. Field Procedures -- 8.17. Frequency of Measurement -- 8.17.1. Presentation of Results -- 8.17.2. Criteria and Interpretation -- 8.18. Measurement of Electrode Resistance -- 8.18.1. Measurement of Earth Electrode Resistance -- 8.18.2. Measurement of Resistance of Earthing Conductor -- 8.19. Current Drainage Survey -- 8.19.1. Method -- 8.20. Determination In situ of the Redox Potential of Soil -- 8.20.1. Apparatus -- 8.20.2. Materials -- 8.20.3. Procedure -- 8.20.4. Calculations and Expression of the Results -- 8.20.5. Test Report -- 8.21. Inspection of CP Installations -- 8.21.1. CP Installations -- 8.21.2. Test Points, Cased Crossings and Insulating Joints -- 8.21.3. Coating Inspection -- 8.22. Installation in Hazardous Atmospheres -- 8.22.1. Bonds -- 8.22.2. Isolating Joints -- 8.22.3. Short Circuits between Points of Different Potentials -- 8.22.4. Disconnection, Separation, or Breaking of Protected Pipework -- 8.22.5. Electrical Equipment -- 8.22.6. Test Instruments -- 8.22.7. Internal Anodes -- 8.22.8. Sacrificial Anodes -- 8.22.9. Instruction of Personnel. | |
| 590 | |a O'Reilly |b O'Reilly Online Learning: Academic/Public Library Edition | ||
| 650 | 0 | |a Cathodic protection. | |
| 650 | 0 | |a Pipelines |x Cathodic protection. | |
| 650 | 0 | |a Corrosion and anti-corrosives. | |
| 650 | 1 | 2 | |a Corrosion |
| 650 | 6 | |a Protection cathodique. | |
| 650 | 6 | |a Pipelines |x Protection cathodique. | |
| 650 | 6 | |a Corrosion. | |
| 650 | 7 | |a corrosion (condition changing process) |2 aat | |
| 650 | 7 | |a SCIENCE |x Chemistry |x Industrial & Technical. |2 bisacsh | |
| 650 | 7 | |a TECHNOLOGY & ENGINEERING |x Chemical & Biochemical. |2 bisacsh | |
| 650 | 7 | |a Corrosion and anti-corrosives |2 fast | |
| 650 | 7 | |a Cathodic protection |2 fast | |
| 650 | 7 | |a Pipelines |x Cathodic protection |2 fast | |
| 776 | 0 | 8 | |i Print version: |a Bahadori, Alireza. |t Cathodic corrosion protection systems : a guide for oil and gas industries, ©2014. |d Waltham, Massachusetts : Elsevier, ©2014 |h xxvi, 464 pages |z 9780128002742 |
| 856 | 4 | 0 | |u https://learning.oreilly.com/library/view/~/9780128002742/?ar |z Texto completo (Requiere registro previo con correo institucional) |
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