Cargando…

Handbook of Electric Power Calculations /

Fully revised to include calculations needed for the latest technologies, this essential tool for electrical engineers and technicians provides the step-by-step procedures required to solve a wide array of electric power problems.

Detalles Bibliográficos
Clasificación:	Libro Electrónico
Otros Autores:	Beaty, H. Wayne (Editor ), Santoso, Surya (Editor )
Formato:	Electrónico eBook
Idioma:	Inglés
Publicado:	?2015.
Edición:	4th edition.
Temas:	Electric power systems > Mathematics > Handbooks, manuals, etc. Mathematics > Formulae > Handbooks, manuals, etc.
Acceso en línea:	Texto completo

Tabla de Contenidos:

A. About the Editors
B. Preface
C. Acknowledgments
D. Contributors
E. Other Electrical Power Engineering Books of Interest
1. Section 1: Basic Network Analysis
Series-Parallel DC Network Analysis
Branch-Current Analysis of a DC Network
Mesh Analysis of a DC Network
Nodal Analysis of a DC Network
DC Network Solution Using Superposition Theorem
DC Network Solution Using Thevenin's Theorem
DC Network Solution Using Norton's Theorem
Balanced DC Bridge Network
Unbalanced DC Bridge Network
Analysis of a Sinusoidal Wave
Analysis of a Square Wave
Analysis of an Offset Wave
Circuit Response to a Nonsinusoidal Input Consisting of a DC Voltage in Series with an AC Voltage
Steady-State AC Analysis of a Series RLC Circuit
Steady-State AC Analysis of a Parallel RLC Circuit
Analysis of a Series-Parallel AC Network
Analysis of Power in an AC Circuit
Analysis of Power Factor and Reactive Factor
Power-Factor Correction
Maximum Power Transfer in an AC Circuit
Analysis of a Balanced Wye-Wye System
Analysis of a Balanced Delta-Delta System
Response of an Integrator to a Rectangular Pulse
Bibliography
2. Section 2: Instrumentation
Introduction
Voltage Measurement
Current Measurement
Power Measurement Using a Single-Phase Wattmeter
Power Measurement Using a Three-Phase Wattmeter
Reactive-Power Measurement
Power-Factor Measurement
Electric Energy Metering
Electric Peak-Power Demand Metering
Nonelectrical Measurements
Bibliography
3. Section 3: DC Motors and Generators
DC Generator Used as a Tachometer, Speed/Voltage Measurement
Separately Excited DC Generator's Rated Conditions from No-Load Saturation Curve
Terminal Conditions Calculated for a DC Compound Generator
Added Series Field Calculated to Produce Flat Compounding in a DC Generator
Calculation of Interpole Windings for a DC Generator
Design of Compensating Windings for a DC Machine
Stator and Armature Resistance Calculations in a DC Self-Excited Generator
Efficiency Calculation for a DC Shunt Generator
Torque and Efficiency Calculations for a Separately Excited DC Motor
Design of a Manual Starter for a DC Shunt Motor
Consideration of Duty Cycle Used to Select a DC Motor
Calculation of Armature Reaction in a DC Shunt Motor
Dynamic Braking for a Separately Excited DC Motor
Three-Phase SCR Drive for a DC Motor
DC Shunt-Motor Speed Determined from Armature Current and No-Load Saturation Curve
Chopper Drive for a DC Motor
Design of a Counter-EMF Automatic Starter for a DC Shunt Motor
Bibliography
4. Section 4: Transformers
Analysis of Transformer Turns Ratio
Analysis of a Step-Up Transformer
Analysis of a Transformer Connected to a Load
Selection of a Transformer for Impedance Matching
Performance of a Transformer with Multiple Secondaries
Impedance Transformation of a Three-Winding Transformer
Selection of a Transformer with Tapped Secondaries
Transformer Characteristics and Performance
Performance and Analysis of a Transformer with a Lagging Power-Factor Load
Performance and Analysis of a Transformer with a Leading Power-Factor Load
Calculation of Transformer Voltage Regulation
Calculation of Efficiency
Analysis of Transformer Operation at Maximum Efficiency
Calculation of All-Day Efficiency
Selection of Transformer to Supply a Cyclic Load
Analysis of Transformer under Short-Circuit Conditions
Calculation of Parameters in the Equivalent Circuit of Power Transformer by Using the Open-Circuit and Short-Circuit Tests
Performance of a Step-Up Autotransformer (Buck/Boost Transformer in Boost Mode)
Analysis of a Delta-Wye Three-Phase Transformer Bank Used as a Generator-Step-Up Transformer
Performance of an Open Delta or Vee-Vee System
Analysis of a Scott-Connected System
Bibliography.
5. Section 5: Three-Phase Induction Motors
Introduction
Equivalent Circuit
Determination of Equivalent Circuit Parameters
Performance Characteristics
Plugging
Braking
Autotransformer Starting
Resistance Starting
Reactance Starting
Series-Parallel Starting
Multistep Starting
Speed Control
Line-Voltage Control
Frequency Control
Selection of Motor Starting and Speed Control
Motor Selection for a Constant Load
Motor Selection for a Variable Load
Bibliography
6. Section 6: Single-Phase Motors
Equivalent Circuit of a Single-Phase Induction Motor Determined from No-Load and Locked-Rotor Tests
Torque and Efficiency Calculations for a Single-Phase Induction Motor
Determination of Input Conditions and Internally Developed Power from the Equivalent Circuit for Single-Phase Induction Motors
Determination of Input Conditions and Internally Developed Power from the Approximate Equivalent Circuit for Single-Phase Induction Motors
Loss and Efficiency Calculations from the Equivalent Circuit of the Single-Phase Induction Motor
Starting-Torque Calculation for a Capacitor Motor
Starting Torque for a Resistance-Start Split-Phase Motor
Shaded-Pole Motor Losses and Efficiency
Synchronous Speed and Developed Torque for a Reluctance Motor
Maximum Value of Average Mechanical Power for a Reluctance Motor
Breakdown Torque?Speed Relationship for a Fractional-Horsepower Motor
Field and Armature-Winding Design of a Repulsion Motor
AC/DC Torque Comparison and Mechanical Power for a Universal Motor
Single-Phase Series Motor (Universal) Equivalent Circuit and Phasor Diagram
Bibliography
7. Section 7: Synchronous Machines
Per-Unit Base Quantities
Per-Unit Direct-Axis Reactances
Per-Unit Quadrature-Axis Reactances
Per-Unit Open-Circuit Time Constants
Per-Unit Short-Circuit Time Constants
Steady-State Phasor Diagram
Generator-Capability Curve
Generator Regulation
Generator Short-Circuit Ratio
Power Output and Power Factor
Generator Efficiency
Synchronizing Power Coefficient
Generator Grounding Transformer and Resistor
Power-Factor Improvement
Bibliography
8. Section 8: Generation of Electric Power
Major Parameter Decisions
Optimum Electric-Power-Generating Unit
Annual Capacity Factor
Annual Fixed-Charge Rate
Fuel Costs
Average Net Heat Rates
Construction of Screening Curve
Noncoincident and Coincident Maximum Predicted Annual Loads
Required Planning Reserve Margin
Ratings of Commercially Available Systems
Hydropower-Generating Stations
Largest Units and Plant Ratings Used in Generating-System Expansion Plans
Alternative Generating-System Expansion Plans
Generator Ratings for Installed Units
Optimum Plant Design
Annual Operation and Maintenance Costs vs. Installed Capital Costs
Thermal Efficiency vs. Installed Capital and/or Annual Operation and Maintenance Costs
Replacement Fuel Cost
Capability Penalty
Bibliography
9. Section 9: Overhead Transmission Lines and Underground Cables
Introduction
Conductor Resistance
Inductance of a Single Isolated Wire
Inductance of a Two-Wire Transmission Line
Inductive Reactance of a Two-Wire Transmission Line
Inductance of a Stranded-Conductor Transmission Line
Inductance of Three-Phase Transmission Lines
Per-Phase Inductive Reactance of Three-Phase Lines
Inductance of a Multiconductor Transmission Line
Inductive Reactance of a Multiconductor Transmission Line
Inductive Reactance of a Bundled Transmission Line
Inductive Reactance Determined by Using Tables
Effect of Mutual Flux Linkage
Inductive Impedances of Multiconductor Transmission Lines Including Ground-Return Corrections
Inductive Sequence Impedances of Three-Phase Transmission Lines
Inductive Reactance of Cables in Ducts or Conduit
Inductive Impedances of Multiconductor Underground Cables Including Ground-Return Corrections
Inductive Sequence Impedances of Three-Phase Underground Cables
Charging Current and Capacitive Reactive Power Associated with Transmission Lines
Capacitance of a Two-Wire Line
Capacitive Reactance of a Two-Wire Line
Capacitance of Three-Phase Lines
Per-Phase Capacitive Reactance of Three-Phase Lines
Capacitive Susceptances of Multiconductor Transmission Lines
Capacitive Sequence Susceptances of Three-Phase Transmission Lines
Capacitive Susceptances Associated with Underground Cables
Transmission-Line Models for Power-Frequency Studies
Medium Transmission-Line Models for Power-Frequency Studies
Long Transmission-Line Models for Power-Frequency Studies
Complex Power
Surge Impedance Loading
Bibliography.
10. Section 10: Electric Power Networks
Power System Representation: Generators, Motors, Transformers, and Lines
Per-Unit Method of Solving Three-Phase Problems
Per-Unit Bases for Three-Phase Short-Circuit Calculations
Changing the Base of Per-Unit Quantities
Wye-Delta and Delta-Wye Conversions
Per-Unit Reactances of Three-Winding Transformers
Calculation of Complex Power
Checking Voltage Phase Sequence with Lamps
Total Power in Balanced Three-Phase System
Division of Load between Transformers in Parallel
Phase Shift in Wye-Delta Transformer Banks
Calculation of Real Power, Reactive Power, Apparent Power, and Power Factor
Power Diagram
Static Capacitors Used to Improve Power Factor
Three-Phase Synchronous Motor Used to Correct Power Factor
Power Calculation of Two-Winding Transformer Connected as an Autotransformer
Two-Wattmeter Method for Determining the Power of a Three-Phase Load
Open-Delta Transformer Operation
Real and Reactive Power of a Three-Phase Motor in Parallel with a Balanced-Delta Load
Bibliography
11. Section 11: Power Flow Analysis in Power Systems
Introduction
Nomenclature
Developing Power Flow Equations
Power Flow Solution
Gauss-Seidel (G-S) Method for Power Flow Solution
Example of Gauss-Seidel (G-S) Solution
Newton-Raphson (N-R) Method for Power Flow Solution
Example of Newton-Raphson (N-R) Solution
Fast-Decoupled (F-D) Method for Power Flow Solution
Example of Fast-Decoupled (F-D) Solution
Concluding Remarks
Bibliography
12. Section 12: Power System Control
Introduction
Power System Control
Objectives of Power System Control
Classification of Control Tools
Assumptions Underlying Control Design in Normal Operation
Hierarchical Control in the Regulated Electric Power Industry
Power System Control in the Changing Industry
Conclusions
Bibliography
13. Section 13: Short-Circuit Computations
Transformer Regulation Determined from Short-Circuit Test
Terminal Voltage of Single-Phase Transformer at Full Load
Voltage and Current in Balanced Three-Phase Circuits
Three-Phase Short-Circuit Calculations
Subtransient, Transient, and Synchronous Short-Circuit Currents
Power in Unbalanced Three-Phase Circuits
Determination of Phase-Sequence Components
Properties of Phasor Oper-ators, j and a
Complex Power Calculated with Symmetrical Components
Impedances and Reactances to Different Sequences
Line-to-Line Short-Circuit Calculations
Impedance to Zero Sequence for Generators, Transformers, and Transmission Lines
Line-to-Ground Short-Circuit Calculations
Subtransient-Current Contribution from Motors; Circuit-Breaker Selection
Induction-Motor Inrush Current
Induction-Motor Short-Circuit Current
Bus Voltages Calculated by Matrix Equation and Inversion
Power Flow through a Transmission Line; ABCD Constants
Bibliography
14. Section 14: System Grounding and Earthing
Purpose of Grounding
Definitions
Basic Calculation Process
Background
Calculating the Estimated Resistance to Ground of Grounding/Earthing Electrodes
Estimating the Resistance/Impedance of Complex Grounding Electrode Systems
Calculating an Estimated Ground Potential Rise of an Electrode System (Ground Grid)
Conclusion
Computer Modeling Software
Bibliography
15. Section 15: Power System Protection
Introduction
Current Transformer Connection and Sizing
Time Overcurrent Protection of Radial Primary Distribution Systems
Differential Protection
Step Distance Protection
Small Motor Protection
Digital Protection Fundamentals
Advanced Digital Communications
Summary
Bibliography
16. Section 16: Power System Stability
Introduction
Dynamic Modeling and Simulation
Transient Stability Analysis
Single Machine-Infinite Bus Illustration
Program Automation
Selecting Transient Stability Design Criteria
Transient Stability Aids
Selection of an Underfrequency Load-Shedding Scheme
Steady-State Stability Analysis
Voltage Stability Analysis
Data Preparation for Large-Scale Dynamic Simulation
Validation of Exciter and Governor Models
Direct Data-Driven Stability Analysis
Bibliography.
17. Section 17: Cogeneration
Introduction
Power Output Developed by Turbine Stages
Generator and Mechanical Losses
Boiler-Feed and Condensate Pump Power Consumption
Gross and Net Power Output
Heat and Fuel Consumption
Heat Rate
Feedwater-Heater Heat Balance
Gas-Turbine-Based Cogeneration Plant
Gas-Turbine Output and Heat Rate in Cogeneration-Plant Mode
Comparative Analysis of STCP and GTCP
Bibliography
18. Section 18: Stationary Batteries
Selection
Ratings
C Rate
Calculating Battery End Voltage for a DC System
Sizing Methods?Constant Current
Sizing Methods?Constant Power
Determining the Current of a Constant-Power Load
Number of Positive Plates
Discharge Characteristics
Using Fan Curves
Using S Curves
Using K Factors
Voltage Depression?Nickel-Cadmium on Float Charge
Number of Cells for a 48-V System
Number of Cells for 125- and 250-V Systems
Selecting Nickel-Cadmium Cells
Load Profiles
Profile for Random Load
Loads Occurring during First Minute
Sizing Battery for Single-Load Profile
Sizing Battery for Multiple-Load Profile
Ampere-Hour Capacity
Sizing Battery for Constant Power
Calculating Battery Short-Circuit Current
Charger Size
Recharging Nickel-Cadmium Batteries?Constant Current
Temperature and Altitude Derating for Chargers
Calculation of the Sulfuric Acid (H_2SO_4) Content of Electrolyte
Bibliography
19. Section 19: Electric Energy Economic Models
Free Trade versus Fair Trade
The Economic Growth Model
Economies of Scale
Competition within a Utility
Economic Dispatch
Avoided Cost
Independent System Operators
Handling Competition on Microgrids
Rate Making
Class Cost of Service
Rate Design
Rating Periods
Fuel Clauses
Free Trade Pricing of Distribution Wires
Bibliography
20. Section 20: Lighting Design
Introduction
Average Illuminance
Illuminance at a Point
Lighting System for an Indoor Industrial Area
Lighting System for an Outdoor Area
Roadway Lighting System
Bibliography
21. Section 21: Power Electronics
Introduction
Nomenclature
Power Electronics Switches
DC to DC Conversion
AC to DC Conversion
DC to AC Conversion
Bibliography
22. Section 22: Alternate Energy Sources
Introduction
Wind Power Conversion
Solar Power Conversion
Uncertainty Analysis
Planning and Investment on Alternate Energy Sources
Bibliography
23. Section 23: Power Quality
Introduction
Voltage Sag Analysis
Voltage Swell Analysis
Electrical Transient Phenomena
Harmonics in Power System
Bibliography
24. Section 24: Smart Grids
Defining the Smart Grid
Purposes of a Smart Grid
Related Calculations
Bibliography.

Handbook of Electric Power Calculations /

Ejemplares similares