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Handbook of air conditioning and refrigeration
| Clasificación: | Libro Electrónico |
|---|---|
| Autor principal: | |
| Formato: | Electrónico eBook |
| Idioma: | Inglés |
| Publicado: |
New York, N.Y. :
McGraw-Hill Education LLC.,
c2001, 1993.
|
| Edición: | 2nd ed. |
| Temas: | |
| Acceso en línea: | Texto completo |
Tabla de Contenidos:
- A. Dedication
- B. Preface to second edition
- Acknowledgments
- C. Preface to the first edition
- Acknowledgments
- 1. Introduction
- Air conditioning
- Comfort and processing air conditioning systems
- Classification of air conditioning systems according to construction and operating characteristics
- Central hydronic air conditioning systems
- Distribution of systems usage
- Historical development
- Potentials and challenges
- Air conditioning project development
- Design for air conditioning system
- Design documents
- Codes and standards
- Computer-aided design and drafting (cadd)
- References
- 2. Psychrometrics
- Psychrometrics
- Dalton's law and the gibbs-dalton law
- Air temperature
- Humidity
- Properties of moist air
- Thermodynamic wet-bulb temperature and the wet-bulb temperature
- Sling and aspiration psychrometers
- Humidity measurements
- Psychrometric charts
- Determination of thermodynamic properties on psychrometric charts
- References
- 3. Heat and moisture transfer through building envelope
- Building envelope
- Heat-transfer fundamentals
- Heat-transfer coefficients
- Moisture transfer
- Condensation in buildings
- Thermal insulation
- Solar angles
- Solar radiation
- Fenestration
- Heat admitted through windows
- Shading of glass
- Heat exchange between the outer building surface and its surroundings
- Compliance with ashrae/iesna standard 90.1-1999 for building envelope
- Energy-efficient and cost-effective measures for building envelope
- References
- 4. Indoor and outdoor design conditions
- Indoor design conditions
- Heat exchange between human body and indoor environment
- Metabolic rate and sensible heat losses from human body
- Evaporative heat losses
- Mean radiant temperature and effective temperature
- Factors affecting thermal comfort
- Thermal comfort
- Indoor air temperature and air movements
- Humidity
- Sick building syndrome and indoor air quality
- Air cleanliness
- Sound level
- Space pressure differential
- Outdoor design conditions
- References
- 5. Energy management and control systems
- Automatic control system and historical development
- Control loop and control methods
- Control modes
- Sensors and transducers
- Controllers
- Water control valves and valve actuators
- Dampers and damper actuators
- System architecture
- Interoperability and open protocol bacnet
- Control logic and artificial intelligence
- Programming of ddc systems
- Tuning ddc units
- Factors affecting control processes
- Functional controls
- Fault detection and diagnostics
- Controls in ashrae/iesna standard 90.1-1999
- References
- 6. Load calculations
- Space load characteristics
- Cooling load and coil load calculations
- Historical development of cooling load calculations
- Methodology?heat balance
- Methodology?transfer function
- Detailed calculation procedures for tfm
- Detailed calculation procedure using cltd/scl/clf method
- Cooling coil load
- Cooling load calculation by finite difference method
- Heating load
- Load calculation software
- References
- 7. Water systems
- Fundamentals
- Water piping
- Valves, pipe fittings, and accessories
- Water system pressurization and the presence of air
- Corrosion and deposits in water system
- Closed water system characteristics
- Centrifugal pumps
- Pump-piping systems
- Operating characteristics of chilled water system
- Plant-through-building loop
- Plant-building loop
- Plant-distributed pumping
- Campus-type water systems
- Computer-aided piping design and drafting
- References
- 8. Heating systems, furnaces, and boilers
- Heating systems
- Warm air furnaces
- Hot water boilers
- Electric furnaces, heaters, and boilers
- Low-pressure ducted warm air heating systems
- Ducted warm air heating systems
- Hot water heating systems using finned-tube heaters
- Hydronic radiant floor-panel heating systems
- Infrared heating
- References
- 9. Refrigerants, refrigeration cycles, and refrigeration systems
- Refrigeration and refrigeration systems
- Refrigerants
- Properties and characteristics of refrigerants
- Phaseout of ozone depletion refrigerants
- Classification of refrigerants
- Refrigeration processes and refrigeration cycles
- Graphical and analytical evaluation of refrigeration
- Carnot refrigeration cycle
- Coefficient of performance of refrigeration cycle
- Single-stage ideal vapor compression cycle
- Subcooling and superheating
- Multistage vapor compression systems
- Two-stage compound system with a flash cooler
- Three-stage compound system with a two-stage flash cooler
- Two-stage compound system with a vertical intercooler
- Cascade systems
- Air expansion refrigeration cycles
- Refrigeration systems?classifications and developments
- Refrigeration compressors
- Performance of compressors
- Safety requirements and machinery room
- References
- 10. Refrigeration systems: components
- Evaporators
- Dx coils?wet coils
- Flooded liquid cooler
- Direct-expansion liquid cooler and liquid overfeed cooler
- Condensation and condensers
- Water-cooled condensers
- Air-cooled condensers
- Evaporative condensers
- Cooling towers
- Thermal analysis of cooling towers
- Cooling tower performance
- Part-load operation and optimum control
- Operating considerations for cooling towers
- Heat rejection systems
- Refrigerant flow control devices
- References
- 11. Refrigeration systems: reciprocating, rotary, scroll, and screw
- Reciprocating refrigeration systems
- Reciprocating compressors
- Reciprocating refrigeration system components and accessories
- Refrigerant piping
- Capacity and safety controls
- Performance of reciprocating compressor, evaporator, and condenser
- System balance
- Operating characteristics of air-cooled, direct-expansion reciprocating refrigeration system
- Rotary refrigeration systems
- Scroll refrigeration systems
- Screw refrigeration systems
- References
- 12. Heat pumps, heat recovery, gas cooling, and cogeneration systems
- Basics of heat pump and heat recovery
- Air-source heat pump systems
- Groundwater heat pump systems
- Ground-coupled and surface water heat pump systems
- Air-to-air heat recovery
- Gas cooling and cogeneration
- References
- 13. Refrigeration systems: centrifugal
- Centrifugal vapor compression refrigeration systems
- Water-cooled centrifugal chiller
- Centrifugal chillers incorporating heat recovery
- Automatic brush cleaning for condensers
- Centrifugal compressor performance map
- Capacity control of centrifugal chillers
- Centrifugal chiller controls
- Operating characteristics of centrifugal chillers
- Part-load operation of centrifugal chiller
- Free refrigeration
- Operation of multiple-chiller plant
- References
- 14. Refrigeration systems: absorption
- Absorption systems
- Properties of aqueous lithium-bromide solution
- Double-effect, direct-fired absorption chillers
- Performance of double-effect, direct-fired absorption chiller
- Absorption chiller controls
- Operating characteristics and design considerations
- Absorption chiller-heaters
- Absorption heat pumps
- Absorption heat transformer
- References.
- 15. Air systems: components?fans, coils, filters, and humidifiers
- Fan fundamentals
- Centrifugal fans
- Axial fans
- Fan capacity modulation
- Fan surge and stall
- Fan construction and arrangements
- Fan selection
- Coil characteristics
- Sensible cooling and sensible heating coils?dry coils
- Water cooling coils?dry-wet coils
- Coil accessories, condensate control, and freeze-up protection
- Air cleaning, rating, and assessments
- Test methods for air filters
- Air filters
- Electronic air cleaners
- Activated carbon adsorbers
- Selection of air filters
- Humidification and humidifiers
- Steam and heating element humidifiers
- Atomizing and wetted element humidifiers
- Air washers
- Characteristics of atomizing and wetted element humidifiers
- Selection of humidifiers and design
- References
- 16. Air systems: equipment?air-handling units and packaged units
- Air-handling units
- Main components
- Selection of air-handling units
- Packaged units
- Performance and selection of packaged units
- Fan room
- References
- 17. Air systems: air duct design
- Basics of airflow in ducts
- Characteristics of air flow in ducts
- Duct construction
- Duct heat gain, heat loss, and duct insulation
- Frictional losses
- Dynamic losses
- Flow resistance
- Principles and considerations in air duct design
- Air duct design procedure and duct layout
- Duct sizing methods
- Duct systems with certain pressure losses in branch takeoffs
- Duct systems with negligible pressure loss at branch ducts
- Requirements of exhaust duct systems for a minimum velocity
- Computer-aided duct design and drafting
- Duct liner and duct cleaning
- Pressure and airflow measurements
- References
- 18. Air systems: space air diffusion
- Principles of space air diffusion
- Air jets
- Supply outlets and return inlets
- Mixing flow
- Cold air distribution
- Design procedure of mixing flow air diffusion system
- Displacement flow and unidirectional flow
- Stratified displacement flow
- Projecting flow?spot cooling/heating
- Upward flow underfloor air distribution
- Computational fluid dynamics
- References
- 19. Sound control
- Sound control and sound paths
- Fan, compressor, pump, and airflow noise
- Sound attenuation along duct-borne path
- Silencers
- Fiberglass in hvac&r systems
- Radiated noise and transmission losses
- Relationship between room sound power level and room sound pressure level
- Noise control for a typical air system
- Rooftop packaged units
- References
- 20. Air systems: basics and constant-volume systems
- Air system basics
- Building leakage area and building tightness
- Space pressurization
- Infiltration and exfiltration
- Fan-duct systems
- System effect
- Combination of fan-duct systems
- Modulation of the fan-duct system
- Classification of air systems
- Constant-volume systems
- Air conditioning processes
- Space conditioning and sensible cooling and heating processes
- Humidifying processes
- Cooling and dehumidifying process
- Adiabatic mixing and bypass mixing processes
- Single-zone, constant-volume systems?cooling mode operation
- Supply volume flow rate
- Determination of the supply air condition
- Constant-volume single-zone systems?heating mode operation
- Constant-volume multizone system with reheat
- References
- 21. Air systems: variable-air-volume systems
- System characteristics of variable-air-volume systems
- Single-zone vav systems
- Vav cooling, vav reheat, and perimeter heating vav systems
- Dual-duct vav systems
- Fan-powered vav systems
- Comparison between various vav systems
- References
- 22. Air systems: vav systems?fan combination, system pressure, and smoke control
- Return and exhaust systems
- Fan combinations and operating modes
- System pressure diagram
- Supply fan and exhaust fan combination
- Supply fan and relief fan combination
- Supply fan and return fan combination
- Comparison of three fan combination systems
- Pressure flow characteristics
- Smoke control and fire safety
- Effect of automatic sprinkler on fire protection
- Smoke control in atria
- Stairwell pressurization and zone smoke control
- References
- 23. Air systems: minimum ventilation and vav system controls
- Minimum ventilation control
- Co2-based demand-controlled ventilation
- Mixed plenum pressure controls
- Outdoor air injection fan, direct measurement, and fan tracking systems
- Conference rooms
- Space pressurization and return volume flow controls
- Discharge air temperature controls
- Duct static pressure and fan controls
- Functional controls for vav systems
- Recommendations and interaction between controls
- Sequence of operations of a vav reheat system with minimum ventilation, discharge air temperature, and duct static pressure controls?case study
- References
- 24. Improving indoor air quality
- Iaq problems
- Ventilation, dilution of concentration of contaminants
- Eliminating microbial growth
- Filters to remove contaminants
- Removing gaseous contaminants by adsorbers and chemisorbers
- Maintenance to guarantee iaq
- Space pressurization control
- Legal responsibility for iaq cases
- References
- 25. Energy management and global warming
- Energy efficiency and unit energy rate reduction
- Global warming
- Energy efficiency
- Energy conservation measures
- Case study: energy conservation measures for an office
- Relationship between hvac&r system characteristics and energy use
- Electricity deregulation
- System simulation
- Energy simulation of a centrifugal chiller using physical modeling
- Energy simulation software doe-2.1e
- Ashrae/iesna standard 90.1-1999 energy cost budget method
- References
- 26. Air conditioning systems: system classification, selection, and individual systems
- Classification of air conditioning systems
- Air conditioning system, subsystem, and main components selection
- Individual air conditioning systems
- Room air conditioning systems
- Packaged terminal air conditioning systems
- References
- 27. Air conditioning systems: evaporative cooling systems and evaporative coolers
- Evaporative cooling and evaporative cooling systems
- Direct evaporative cooling and direct evaporative coolers
- Indirect evaporative cooling and indirect evaporative coolers
- Indirect-direct two-stage evaporative cooling systems
- Add-on evaporative coolers
- Design considerations
- References
- 28. Air conditioning systems: space conditioning systems
- Space air conditioning systems
- Fan-coil systems and fan-coil units
- Four-pipe fan-coil systems
- Two-pipe fan-coil systems
- Water-source heat pump systems
- Panel heating and cooling
- References
- 29. Air conditioning systems: packaged systems and desiccant-based systems
- Packaged systems
- Single-zone constant-volume packaged systems
- Single-zone vav packaged systems
- Compliance with standard 90.1?1999 through simplified approach option for small and medium hvac&r systems
- Vav cooling packaged systems
- Vav reheat packaged systems
- Perimeter-heating vav packaged systems
- Fan-powered vav packaged systems
- Desiccant-based air conditioning systems
- Case study: a desiccant-based air conditioning system for a supermarket
- Case study: a desiccant-based air conditioning system for retail stores
- Case study: a desiccant-based air conditioning system for operating rooms
- Applications of desiccant-based air conditioning systems
- References
- 30. Air conditioning systems: central systems and clean-room systems
- Central systems
- Floor-by-floor central systems versus central systems using air systems serving many floors
- Controls and operating characteristics of central systems
- Types of vav central systems
- Single-zone vav central systems
- Vav cooling central systems, vav reheat central systems, and perimeter-heating vav central systems
- Dual-duct vav central systems
- Fan-powered vav central systems
- Clean-room systems
- Case study: clean-room systems for semiconductor integrated-circuit fabrication
- References
- 31.
- Air conditioning systems: thermal storage systems
- Thermal storage systems
- Ice-on-coil, internal-melt ice storage systems
- Ice-on-coil, external-melt ice storage systems
- Encapsulated ice storage systems
- Ice-harvesting ice storage systems
- Comparison of various ice storage systems
- Stratified chilled water storage systems
- Case study: a stratified chilled water storage system
- References
- 32. Commissioning and maintenance
- Hvac&r commissioning
- Hvac&r maintenance
- References
- A. Nomenclature and abbreviations
- Nomenclature
- Abbreviations
- B. Psychrometric chart, tables of properties, and i-p units to si units conversion.