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A working guide to process equipment
Applicable to a broad range of technicians and industries and fully updated throughout, A Working Guide to Process Equipment, Fourth Edition, explains how to diagnose, troubleshoot, and correct problems with chemical and petroleum refining process equipment. Nine new chapters cover: ? Tray design de...
| Clasificación: | Libro Electrónico |
|---|---|
| Autores principales: | , |
| Formato: | Electrónico eBook |
| Idioma: | Inglés |
| Publicado: |
Chicago, Ill. :
McGraw-Hill Education LLC.,
c2014.
|
| Edición: | 4th ed. |
| Colección: | McGraw-Hill's AccessEngineering.
|
| Temas: | |
| Acceso en línea: | Texto completo |
Tabla de Contenidos:
- A. Dedication
- B. About the authors
- C. Foreword
- other books by norman p. Lieberman
- D. Preface to the fourth edition
- E. Preface to the third edition
- F. Preface to the second edition
- G. Preface to the first edition
- H. Introduction
- I. Acknowledgments
- 1. Process equipment fundamentals
- frictional losses
- density difference induces flow
- natural thermosyphon circulation
- reducing hydrocarbon partial pressure
- corrosion at home
- what i know
- distillation: the first application
- origin of reflux
- glossary
- 2. Basic terms and conditions
- 3. How trays work: flooding
- history of distillation
- tray types
- tray efficiency
- downcomer backup
- downcomer clearance
- vapor-flow pressure drop
- jet flood
- incipient flood
- tower pressure drop and flooding
- optimizing feed tray location
- catacarb co2 absorber flooding
- 4. How trays work: dumping
- tray pressure drop
- other causes of tray inefficiency
- bubble-cap trays
- new high capacity trays
- calculating tray efficiency
- 5. Notes on tray design details
- process design equipment details
- 6. Why control tower pressure
- selecting an optimum tower pressure
- raising the tower pressure target
- lowering the tower pressure
- the phase rule in distillation
- 7. What drives distillation towers
- the reboiler
- heat-balance calculations
- 8. How reboilers work
- thermosyphon reboilers
- forced-circulation reboilers
- kettle reboilers
- don't forget fouling
- vapor binding in steam reboilers
- 9. Inspecting tower internals
- tray deck levelness
- loss of downcomer seal due to leaks
- effect of missing caps
- repairing loose tray panels
- improper downcomer clearance
- inlet weirs
- seal pans
- drain holes
- vortex breakers
- chimney tray leakage
- shear clips
- bubble-cap trays
- final inspection
- conclusion
- reference
- 10. How instruments work
- level
- foam affects levels
- pressure
- flow
- temperature
- reference
- 11. Packed towers: better than trays?
- how packed towers work
- maintaining functional and structural efficiency in packed towers
- advantages of packing vs. Trays
- reference
- 12. Steam and condensate systems
- steam reboilers
- condensing heat-transfer rates
- maintaining system efficiency
- carbonic acid corrosion
- condensate collection systems
- deaerators
- surface condensers
- 13. Vapor lock and exchanger flooding in steam systems
- function of the steam trap
- non-condensable venting
- corrosive steam
- condensate drum
- condensate drainage and vapor lock
- elevated condensate collection drum
- conclusion
- 14. Bubble point and dew point
- bubble point
- dew point
- reference
- 15. Steam strippers
- heat of evaporation
- stripper efficiency
- references
- 16. Draw-off nozzle hydraulics
- nozzle exit loss
- critical flow
- maintaining nozzle efficiency
- overcoming nozzle exit loss limits
- reference
- 17. Pumparounds and tower heat flows
- the pumparound
- vapor flow
- fractionation
- 18. Condensers and tower pressure control
- subcooling, vapor binding, and condensation
- pressure control
- 19. Air coolers
- fin fouling
- fan discharge pressure
- effect of reduced air flow
- adjustments and corrections to improve cooling
- designing for efficiency
- 20. Thermodynamics
- why is thermodynamics important to the plant operator?
- the source of steam velocity
- converting latent heat to velocity
- effect of wet steam
- steam ejector temperature profile
- roto-flow turbo expander
- the meaning of entropy
- 21. Deaerators and steam systems
- boiler feedwater
- boilers
- convective section waste-heat steam generation
- references.
- 22. Steam generation
- boiler blowdown rate
- types of steam-generating equipment
- boiler feed water preparation
- effect of air preheat on boiler capacity
- deaerator operation
- boiler feedwater preheat
- boiler thermal efficiency
- sloped demister
- references
- 23. Vacuum systems: steam jet ejectors
- theory of operation
- converging and diverging compression
- calculations, performance curves, and other measurements in jet systems
- optimum vacuum tower-top temperature
- measurement of a deep vacuum without mercury
- reference
- 24. Steam turbines
- principle of operation and calculations
- selecting optimum turbine speed
- 25. Surface condensers
- the second law of thermodynamics
- surface condenser problems
- surface condenser heat-transfer coefficients
- references
- 26. Shell-and-tube heat exchangers: heat-transfer fouling resistance
- allowing for thermal expansion
- heat-transfer efficiency
- exchanger cleaning
- mechanical design for good heat transfer
- importance of shell-side cross-flow
- references
- 27. Heat exchanger innovations
- smooth high alloy tubes
- low-finned tubes
- sintered metal tubes
- spiral heat exchanger
- tube inserts
- twisted tubes and twisted tube bundle
- helical tube support baffles
- reference
- 28. Shell-and-tube heat exchangers: design details
- selecting the process fluid location
- design the shell side for ease of cleaning
- 29. Fired heaters: fire- and flue-gas side
- effect of reduced air flow
- absolute combustion
- draft
- air leakage
- efficient air/fuel mixing
- optimizing excess air
- air preheating, lighting burners, and heat balancing
- reference
- 30. Fired heaters: process side
- process duty versus heat liberation
- heater tube failures
- flow in heater tubes
- low-nox burners
- tube fire-side heaters
- 31. Refrigeration systems
- refrigerant receiver
- evaporator temperature control
- compressor and condenser operation
- refrigerant composition
- 32. Cooling water systems
- locating exchanger tube leaks
- tube-side fouling
- changing tube-side passes
- cooling tower ph control
- wooden cooling towers
- back-flushing and air rumbling
- acid cleaning
- increasing water flow
- piping pressure losses
- cooling tower efficiency
- wet bulb temperature
- reference
- 33. Catalytic effects: equilibrium and kinetics
- kinetics vs. Equilibrium
- temperature vs. Time
- purpose of a catalyst
- lessons from lithuania
- zero order reactions
- runaway reaction
- common chemical plant and refinery catalytic processes
- 34. Centrifugal pumps: fundamentals of operation
- head
- starting npsh requirement
- pressure
- pump impeller
- effect of temperature on pump capacity
- 35. Centrifugal pumps: driver limits
- electric motors
- steam turbines
- gears
- reference
- 36. Centrifugal pumps: suction pressure limits
- cavitation and net positive suction head
- sub-atmospheric suction pressure
- 37. Centrifugal pumps: reducing seal and bearing failures
- a packed pump
- mechanical seal
- purpose of seal flush
- seal leaks
- wasting external seal flush oil
- double mechanical seal
- dry seals
- application of nitrogen barrier seals using double mechanical seals
- steam use in seal chamber
- pressure balancing holes
- bearing failures
- starting a centrifugal pump
- references
- 38. Control valves
- pumps and control valves
- operating on the bad part of the curve
- control valve position
- valve position dials
- air-to-open valves
- saving energy in existing hydraulic systems
- control valve bypasses
- plugged control valves
- 39. Separators: vapor-hydrocarbon-water
- gravity settling
- demisters
- entrainment due to foam
- water-hydrocarbon separations
- electrically accelerated water coalescing
- static coalescers
- 40. Gas compression: the basic idea
- relationship between heat and work
- compression work (cp - cv)
- reference
- 41. Centrifugal compressors and surge
- centrifugal compression and surge
- compressor efficiency
- frequently asked questions about centrifugal compressors.
- 42. Reciprocating compressors
- theory of reciprocating compressor operation
- the carnot cycle
- the indicator card
- volumetric compressor efficiency
- unloaders
- rod loading
- variable molecular weight
- 43. Compressor efficiency
- jet engine
- controlling vibration and temperature rise
- relative efficiency
- relative work: external pressure losses
- 44. Safety concerns
- relief-valve plugging
- relieving to atmosphere
- corrosion monitoring
- alarms and trips
- auto-ignition of hydrocarbons
- paper gaskets
- calculating heats of reaction
- hot water explodes out of manway
- 45. Relief valve system design
- coke drums
- high-pressure fixed-bed reactors
- trayed towers and packed columns
- liquid-filled vessels
- sour water strippers
- protecting relief valves from fouling and corrosion
- dual relief valves
- process design responsibility for relief valve design
- relief valve and pressure sensing connections
- heat exchanger safety reliefs
- relief valve effluents
- maintaining flare header positive pressures
- leaking relief valves
- tray failure due to relief valves
- the piper alpha rig destruction
- 46. Corrosion-process units
- closer to home
- erosive velocities
- mixed phase flow
- carbonate corrosion
- naphthenic acid attack
- a short history of corrosion
- corrosion-fired heaters
- oil-fired heaters
- finned-tube corrosion
- field identification of piping metallurgy
- 47. Waste water strippers
- purpose of sour water strippers
- two-stage sour water stripper
- tray efficiency
- computer simulation and theoretical tray efficiency
- use of caustic to improve stripping
- water stripper reboiler corrosion and fouling
- ballast water stripper
- conclusions
- reference
- 48. Fluid flow in pipes
- field engineer's method for estimating pipe flow
- field pressure drop survey
- line sizing for low-viscosity and turbulent flow
- frictional pressure loss in rough and smooth pipe
- special case for laminar flow
- smooth pipes and turbulent flow
- very rough pipes and very turbulent flow
- non-newtonian fluids
- some types of flow behavior
- viscoelastic fluids
- identifying the type of flow behavior
- apparent and effective viscosity of non-newtonian liquids
- the power law or ostwald de waele model
- generalized reynolds numbers
- references
- 49. Super-fractionation separation stage
- my first encounter with super-fractionation
- kettle reboiler
- partial condenser
- side reboilers and intercoolers
- 50. Hand calculations for distillation towers
- introduction
- bubble point and dew point calculations
- the absorption factor or stripping factor chart
- conclusion
- references
- 51. Computer modeling and control
- modeling a propane-propylene splitter
- computer control
- material balance problems in computer modeling
- fourth edition update comments
- 52. Field troubleshooting process problems
- de-ethanizer flooding
- the elements of troubleshooting
- field calculations
- troubleshooting tools-your wrench
- field measurements
- troubleshooting methods
- afterword
- A. Glossary
- B. The norm lieberman video library of troubleshooting process operations.