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A Working Guide to Process Equipment, Fifth Edition /
A practical and accessible reference book for process industry professionals and students seeking the latest methods for troubleshooting and maintaining process equipment.
| Clasificación: | Libro Electrónico |
|---|---|
| Autores principales: | , |
| Formato: | Electrónico eBook |
| Idioma: | Inglés |
| Publicado: |
New York, N.Y. :
McGraw Hill LLC,
[2022]
|
| Edición: | Fifth edition. |
| Colección: | McGraw-Hill's AccessEngineeringLibrary.
|
| Temas: | |
| Acceso en línea: | Texto completo |
Tabla de Contenidos:
- Cover
- Title Page
- Copyright Page
- Dedication
- Contents
- Preface to the Fifth Edition
- Preface to the First Edition
- Introduction
- Acknowledgments
- 1 Process Equipment Fundamentals
- 1.1 Frictional Losses
- 1.2 Density Difference Induces Flow
- 1.3 Natural Thermosyphon Circulation
- 1.4 Reducing Hydrocarbon Partial Pressure
- 1.5 Corrosion at Home
- 1.6 What I Know
- 1.7 Distillation: The First Application
- 1.8 Origin of Reflux
- 1.9 Glossary
- 2 Basic Terms and Conditions
- 3 How Trays Work: Flooding
- 3.1 Tray Types
- 3.2 Tray Efficiency
- 3.3 Downcomer Backup
- 3.4 Downcomer Clearance
- 3.5 Vapor-Flow Pressure Drop
- 3.6 Jet Flood
- 3.7 Incipient Flood
- 3.8 Tower Pressure Drop and Flooding
- 3.9 Optimizing Feed Tray Location
- 3.10 Catacarb CO2 Absorber Flooding
- 4 How Trays Work: Dumping Weeping through Tray Decks
- 4.1 Tray Pressure Drop
- 4.2 Other Causes of Tray Inefficiency
- 4.3 Bubble-Cap Trays
- 4.4 New High Capacity Trays
- 4.5 Calculating Tray Efficiency
- 5 Notes on Tray Design Details
- 5.1 Process Design Equipment Details
- 6 Why Control Tower Pressure Options for Optimizing Tower Operating Pressure
- 6.1 Selecting an Optimum Tower Pressure
- 6.2 Raising the Tower Pressure Target
- 6.3 Lowering the Tower Pressure
- 6.4 The Phase Rule in Distillation
- 7 What Drives Distillation Towers Reboiler Function
- 7.1 The Reboiler
- 7.2 Heat-Balance Calculations
- 8 How Reboilers Work Thermosyphon, Gravity Feed, and Forced
- 8.1 Thermosyphon Reboilers
- 8.2 Forced-Circulation Reboilers
- 8.3 Kettle Reboilers
- 8.4 Don?t Forget Fouling
- 8.5 Vapor Binding in Steam Reboilers
- 9 Inspecting Tower Internals
- 9.1 Tray Deck Levelness
- 9.2 Loss of Downcomer Seal Due to Leaks
- 9.3 Effect of Missing Caps
- 9.4 Repairing Loose Tray Panels
- 9.5 Improper Downcomer Clearance
- 9.6 Inlet Weirs
- 9.7 Seal Pans
- 9.8 Drain Holes
- 9.9 Vortex Breakers
- 9.10 Chimney Tray Leakage
- 9.11 Shear Clips
- 9.12 Bubble-Cap Trays
- 9.13 Final Inspection
- 9.14 Conclusion
- Reference
- 10 How Instruments Work Levels, Pressures, Flows, and Temperatures
- 10.1 Level
- 10.2 Foam Affects Levels
- 10.3 Pressure
- 10.4 Flow
- 10.5 Temperature
- Reference.
- 11 Packed Towers: Better Than Trays? Packed-Bed Vapor and Liquid Distribution
- 11.1 How Packed Towers Work
- 11.2 Maintaining Functional and Structural Efficiency in Packed Towers
- 11.3 Advantages of Packing vs. Trays
- Reference
- 12 Distillation Process Engineering Design Errors
- 12.1 Sour Water Stripper Inefficient Reboiler Balance Line
- 12.2 Elevating Overhead Condenser
- 12.3 Distillation Tray Assembly
- 12.4 Sour Water Stripper Design
- 12.5 Vertical Baffle in Tower Bottoms
- 12.6 Chimney Tray Overflow Pipe
- 12.7 Raffinate Splitter Explosion Texas City
- 12.8 Crude Tower Top P/A
- 12.9 Excessive Thermosyphon Circulation
- 12.10 Tray Hydraulics
- 12.11 Crude Tower Bottom Stripping Tray Retrofit
- 12.12 Vacuum Tower Flash Zone Pressure
- 12.13 Level Tap Location
- 12.14 Crude Tower Overhead
- 12.15 Using High Pressure Steam in an FCU Gasoline Splitter Reboiler
- 12.16 Vacuum Tower Overhead Surface Condenser
- 13 Steam and Condensate Systems Water Hammer and Condensate Backup Steam-Side Reboiler Control
- 13.1 Steam Reboilers
- 13.2 Condensing Heat-Transfer Rates
- 13.3 Maintaining System Efficiency
- 13.4 Carbonic Acid Corrosion
- 13.5 Condensate Collection Systems
- 13.6 Deaerators
- 13.7 Surface Condensers
- 14 Vapor Lock and Exchanger Flooding in Steam Systems
- 14.1 Function of the Steam Trap
- 14.2 Non-Condensable Venting
- 14.3 Corrosive Steam
- 14.4 Condensate Drum
- 14.5 Condensate Drainage and Vapor Lock
- 14.6 Elevated Condensate Collection Drum
- 14.7 Conclusion
- 15 Bubble Point and Dew Point Equilibrium Concepts in Vapor-Liquid Mixtures
- 15.1 Bubble Point
- 15.2 Dew Point
- Reference
- 16 Steam Strippers Source of Latent Heat of Vaporization
- 16.1 Heat of Evaporation
- 16.2 Stripper Efficiency
- References
- 17 Draw-Off Nozzle Hydraulics Nozzle Cavitation Due to Lack of Hydrostatic Head
- 17.1 Nozzle Exit Loss
- 17.2 Critical Flow
- 17.3 Maintaining Nozzle Efficiency
- 17.4 Overcoming Nozzle Exit Loss Limits
- Reference
- 18 Pumparounds and Tower Heat Flows Closing the Tower Enthalpy Balance
- 18.1 The Pumparound
- 18.2 Vapor Flow
- 18.3 Fractionation
- Reference
- 19 Condensers and Tower Pressure Control Hot-Vapor Bypass: Flooded Condenser Control
- 19.1 Subcooling, Vapor Binding, and Condensation
- 19.2 Pressure Control
- Reference
- 20 Air Coolers Fin-Fan Coolers
- 20.1 Fin Fouling
- 20.2 Fan Discharge Pressure
- 20.3 Effect of Reduced Air Flow
- 20.4 Adjustments and Corrections to Improve Cooling
- 20.5 Designing for Efficiency.
- 21 Thermodynamics How It Applies to Process Equipment
- 21.1 Why Is Thermodynamics Important to the Plant Operator?
- 21.2 The Source of Steam Velocity
- 21.3 Converting Latent Heat to Velocity
- 21.4 Effect of Wet Steam
- 21.5 Steam Ejector Temperature Profile
- 21.6 Roto-Flow Turbo Expander
- 21.7 The Meaning of Entropy
- 22 Steam Generation, Deaerators, Steam Systems, and BFW Preparation
- 22.1 Boiler Feedwater
- 22.2 Boiler Feedwater Preparation
- 22.3 Boiler Feedwater Preheat
- 22.4 Boilers
- 22.5 Waste-Heat Boilers
- 22.6 Superheating Steam
- References
- 23 Vacuum Systems: Steam Jet Ejectors
- 23.1 Theory of Operation
- 23.2 Converging and Diverging Compression
- 23.3 Calculations, Performance Curves, and Other Measurements in Jet Systems
- 23.4 Optimum Vacuum Tower-Top Temperature
- 23.5 Measurement of a Deep Vacuum without Mercury
- Reference
- 24 Steam Turbines Use of Horsepower Valves and Correct Speed Control
- 24.1 Principle of Operation and Calculations
- 24.2 Selecting Optimum Turbine Speed
- 24.3 Reciprocating Steam Engines
- 25 Effect of Liquid Water in Steam
- 25.1 Determining the Causes of Wet Steam
- 25.2 Consequences of Wet Steam
- 25.3 Causes of Wet Steam
- 25.4 Boiler Level Control
- 25.5 Effects of Wet Steam
- 25.6 Steam Stripping
- 26 Surface Condensers The Condensing Steam Turbine
- 26.1 The Second Law of Thermodynamics
- 26.2 Surface Condenser Problems
- 26.3 Surface Condenser Heat-Transfer Coefficients
- References
- 27 Shell-and-Tube Heat Exchangers: Heat-Transfer Fouling Resistance
- 27.1 Allowing for Thermal Expansion
- 27.2 Heat-Transfer Efficiency
- 27.3 Exchanger Cleaning
- 27.4 Mechanical Design for Good Heat Transfer
- 27.5 Importance of Shell- Side Cross- Flow
- 27.6 Summary
- References
- 28 Heat Exchanger Innovations
- 28.1 Smooth High Alloy Tubes
- 28.2 Low-Finned Tubes
- 28.3 Sintered Metal Tubes
- 28.4 Spiral Heat Exchanger
- 28.5 Tube Inserts
- 28.6 Twisted Tubes and Twisted Tube Bundle
- 28.7 Helical Tube Support Baffles
- 28.8 The Test of Time
- Reference
- 29 Shell-and-Tube Heat Exchangers: Design Details
- 29.1 Selecting the Process Fluid Location
- 29.2 Design the Shell Side for Ease of Cleaning
- Reference
- 30 Fired Heaters: Fire- and Flue-Gas Side Draft and Afterburn; Optimizing Excess Air
- 30.1 Effect of Reduced Air Flow
- 30.2 Absolute Combustion
- 30.3 Draft
- 30.4 Air Leakage
- 30.5 Efficient Air/Fuel Mixing
- 30.6 Optimizing Excess Air
- 30.7 Correcting O for Moisture Condensation
- 30.8 Air Preheating, Lighting Burners, and Heat Balancing
- Reference.
- 31 Fired Heaters: Process Side Coking Furnace Tubes and Tube Failures
- 31.1 Process Duty versus Heat Liberation
- 31.2 Heater Tube Failures
- 31.3 Flow in Heater Tubes
- 31.4 Low-NOx Burners
- 31.5 Tube Fire-Side Heaters
- 32 Refrigeration Systems An Introduction to Centrifugal Compressors
- 32.1 Refrigerant Receiver
- 32.2 Evaporator Temperature Control
- 32.3 Compressor and Condenser Operation
- 32.4 Refrigerant Composition
- 33 Cooling Water Systems
- 33.1 Locating Exchanger Tube Leaks
- 33.2 Tube-Side Fouling
- 33.3 Changing Tube-Side Passes
- 33.4 Cooling Tower pH Control
- 33.5 Wooden Cooling Towers
- 33.6 Back-Flushing and Air Rumbling
- 33.7 Acid Cleaning
- 33.8 Increasing Water Flow
- 33.9 Piping Pressure Losses
- 33.10 Cooling Tower Efficiency
- 33.11 Wet Bulb Temperature
- Reference
- 34 Catalytic Effects: Equilibrium and Kinetics
- 34.1 Kinetics vs. Equilibrium
- 34.2 Temperature vs. Time
- 34.3 Purpose of a Catalyst
- 34.4 Lessons from Lithuania
- 34.5 Zero Order Reactions
- 34.6 Runaway Reaction
- 34.7 Common Chemical Plant and Refinery Catalytic Processes
- 34.8 Summary
- 35 Centrifugal Pumps: Fundamentals of Operation Head, Flow, and Pressure
- 35.1 Head
- 35.2 Starting NPSH Requirement
- 35.3 Pressure
- 35.4 Pump Impeller
- 35.5 Effect of Temperature on Pump Capacity
- 34.6 Positive-Displacement Pumps
- 36 Centrifugal Pumps: Driver Limits Electric Motors and Steam Turbines
- 36.1 Electric Motors
- 36.2 Steam Turbines
- 36.3 Gears
- Reference
- 37 Centrifugal Pumps: Suction Pressure Limits Cavitation and Net Positive Suction Head
- 37.1 Cavitation and Net Positive Suction Head
- 37.2 Subatmospheric Suction Pressure
- 38 Centrifugal Pumps: Reducing Seal and Bearing Failures
- 38.1 A Packed Pump
- 38.2 Mechanical Seal
- 38.3 Purpose of Seal Flush
- 38.4 Seal Leaks
- 38.5 Wasting External Seal Flush Oil
- 38.6 Double Mechanical Seal
- 38.7 Dry Seals
- 38.8 Application of Nitrogen Barrier Seals Using Double Mechanical Seals
- 38.9 Steam Use in Seal Chamber
- 38.10 Pressure Balancing Holes
- 38.11 Bearing Failures
- 38.12 Starting a Centrifugal Pump
- References
- 39 Control Valves
- 39.1 Pumps and Control Valves
- 39.2 Operating on the Bad Part of the Curve
- 39.3 Control Valve Position
- 39.4 Valve Position Dials
- 39.5 Air-to-Open Valves
- 39.6 Saving Energy in Existing Hydraulic Systems
- 39.7 Control Valve Bypasses
- 39.8 Plugged Control Valves.
- 40 Separators: Vapor-Hydrocarbon-Water Liquid Settling Rates
- 40.1 Gravity Settling
- 40.2 Demisters
- 40.3 Entrainment Due to Foam
- 40.4 Water-Hydrocarbon Separations
- 40.5 Electrically Accelerated Water Coalescing
- 40.6 Static Coalescers
- 40.7 De-Entrainment Using a Vortex Tube Cluster
- 40.8 Inclined Plate Separator
- 41 Gas Compression: The Basic Idea The Second Law of Thermodynamics Made Easy
- 41.1 Relationship between Heat and Work
- 41.2 Compression Work (C - C )
- Reference
- 42 Centrifugal Compressors and Surge Overamping the Motor Driver
- 42.1 Centrifugal Compression and Surge
- 42.2 Compressor Efficiency
- 42.3 Frequently Asked Questions about Centrifugal Compressors
- 43 Reciprocating Compressors The Carnot Cycle; Use of Indicator Card
- 43.1 Theory of Reciprocating Compressor Operation
- 43.2 The Carnot Cycle
- 43.3 The Indicator Card
- 43.4 Volumetric Compressor Efficiency
- 43.5 Inlet Valve Cap Temperature
- 43.6 Unloaders
- 43.7 Rod Loading
- 43.8 Variable Molecular Weight
- 44 Compressor Efficiency Effect on Driver Load
- 44.1 Jet Engine
- 44.2 Controlling Vibration and Temperature Rise
- 44.3 Relative Efficiency
- 44.4 Relative Work: External Pressure Losses
- Reference
- 45 Safety Concerns Relief Valves, Corrosion, and Safety Trips
- 45.1 Relief-Valve Plugging
- 45.2 Relieving to Atmosphere
- 45.3 Corrosion Monitoring
- 45.4 Alarms and Trips
- 45.5 Auto-ignition of Hydrocarbons
- 45.6 Paper Gaskets
- 45.7 Calculating Heats of Reaction
- 45.8 Hot Water Explodes Out of Manway
- 46 Relief Valve System Design
- 46.1 Coke Drums
- 46.2 High-Pressure Fixed-Bed Reactors
- 46.3 Trayed Towers and Packed Columns
- 46.4 Liquid-Filled Vessels
- 46.5 Sour Water Strippers
- 46.6 Protecting Relief Valves from Fouling and Corrosion
- 46.7 Dual Relief Valves
- 46.8 Process Design Responsibility for Relief Valve Design
- 46.9 Relief Valve and Pressure Sensing Connections
- 46.10 Heat Exchanger Safety Reliefs
- 46.11 Relief Valve Effluents
- 46.12 Maintaining Flare Header Positive Pressures
- 46.13 Leaking Relief Valves
- 46.14 Tray Failure Due to Relief Valves
- 46.15 The Piper Alpha Rig Destruction
- 47 Setting Pressure Relief Valves
- 47.1 Maximum Allowable Working Pressure
- 47.2 Exchanger Protected by Its Own Relief Valve
- 47.3 Chain Lock-Open
- 47.4 The Situation at the Refinery in Tulsa
- 47.5 Relief Valve Location on Distillation Towers
- 47.6 Use of Rupture Disks Beneath Relief Valves
- 47.7 Coke Drum Relief Valve Location
- Reference
- 48 Reduction of Flare Losses
- 48.1 Measuring Losses to Flare from Individual Locations
- 48.2 Leaking Relief Valves
- 48.3 Venting to the Flare
- 48.4 Sludge in Cooling Tower Water.
- 48.5 Cooling Water Line Sludge Accumulation
- 48.6 Cooling Water Lines Pressure Drop
- 48.7 Air-Cooled Condensers
- 48.8 Optimizing Air Cooler Blade Angles
- 48.9 Water Mist
- 48.10 Air Back-Flow
- 48.11 Slipping Belts
- 48.12 Minimizing Cracked Gas Evolution
- 48.13 Flaring Due to Leaking Hot Vapor Bypass Tower Pressure Control
- 48.14 Flare Recovery Systems
- 48.15 Flare Recovery Systems
- References
- 49 Corrosion?Process Units
- 49.1 Closer to Home
- 49.2 Erosive Velocities
- 49.3 Mixed Phase Flow
- 49.4 Carbonate Corrosion
- 49.5 Naphthenic Acid Attack
- 49.6 A Short History of Corrosion
- 49.7 Corrosion?Fired Heaters
- 49.8 Oil-Fired Heaters
- 49.9 Finned-Tube Corrosion
- 49.10 Field Identification of Piping Metallurgy
- 49.11 Carboxylic Acid Corrosion
- 50 Waste Water Strippers
- 50.1 Purpose of Sour Water Strippers
- 50.2 Two-Stage Sour Water Stripper
- 50.3 Tray Efficiency
- 50.4 Computer Simulation and Theoretical Tray Efficiency
- 50.5 Use of Caustic to Improve Stripping
- 50.6 Water Stripper Reboiler Corrosion and Fouling
- 50.7 Ballast Water Stripper
- 50.8 Conclusions
- Reference
- 51 Fluid Flow in Pipes Basic Ideas to Evaluate Newtonian and Non-Newtonian Flow
- 51.1 Field Engineer?s Method for Estimating Pipe Flow
- 51.2 Field Pressure Drop Survey
- 51.3 Line Sizing for Low-Viscosity and Turbulent Flow
- 51.4 Frictional Pressure Loss in Rough and Smooth Pipe
- 51.5 Special Case for Laminar Flow
- 51.6 Smooth Pipes and Turbulent Flow
- 51.7 Very Rough Pipes and Very Turbulent Flow
- 51.8 Non-Newtonian Fluids
- 51.9 Some Types of Flow Behavior
- 51.10 Viscoelastic Fluids
- 51.11 Identifying the Type of Flow Behavior
- 51.12 Apparent and Effective Viscosity of Non-Newtonian Liquids
- 51.13 The Power Law or Ostwald de Waele Model
- 51.14 Generalized Reynolds Numbers
- References
- 52 Super-Fractionation Separation Stage
- 52.1 My First Encounter with Super-Fractionation
- 52.2 Kettle Reboiler
- 52.3 Partial Condenser
- 52.4 Side Reboilers and Intercoolers
- 53 Hand Calculations for Distillation Towers Vapor-Liquid Equilibrium, Absorption, and Stripping Calculations
- 53.1 Introduction
- 53.2 Bubble Point and Dew Point Calculations
- 53.3 The Absorption Factor or Stripping Factor Chart
- 53.4 Conclusion
- References
- 54 Computer Modeling and Control
- 54.1 Modeling a Propane-Propylene Splitter
- 54.2 Computer Control
- 54.3 Cannabinoid Fractionator
- 54.4 Distillation Simulation
- 54.5 Computer Control of Distillation Towers
- 54.6 Material Balance Problems in Computer Modeling
- 54.7 Fifth Edition Update Comments
- 55 Taking Measurements and Samples in the Field and Troubleshooting Process Problems
- 55.1 The Flooding De-ethanizer
- 55.2 The Elements of Troubleshooting
- 55.3 Field Calculations
- 55.4 Troubleshooting Tools?Your Wrench
- 55.5 Troubleshooting Methods
- 55.6 Field Measurements
- 51.7 An Afterword
- Glossary
- Index.