Alternative Fuels and Advanced Vehicle Technologies for Improved Environmental Performance : Towards Zero Carbon Transportation.

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Detalles Bibliográficos
Clasificación:Libro Electrónico
Otros Autores: Folkson, Richard (Editor ), Sapsford, Steve (Editor )
Formato: Electrónico eBook
Idioma:Inglés
Publicado: San Diego : Elsevier Science & Technology, 2022.
Edición:2nd ed.
Colección:Woodhead Publishing Series in Energy Ser.
Temas:
Alternative fuel vehicles.
Transportation, Automotive > Environmental aspects.
Transportation, Automotive > Technological innovations.
Acceso en línea:Texto completo
Tabla de Contenidos:
  • Front Cover
  • Alternative Fuels and Advanced Vehicle Technologies for Improved Environmental Performance
  • Copyright Page
  • Contents
  • List of contributors
  • About the authors
  • Woodhead Publishing Series in Energy
  • 1 Introduction
  • 1.1 Introduction
  • 1.2 Technology roadmaps to deliver low carbon targets
  • 1.3 Vehicle technology contributions to low carbon targets
  • 1.4 Powertrain technology contributions to low-carbon targets
  • 1.5 Regulatory requirements and consumer trends
  • 1.6 Traffic management factors
  • 1.7 Global manufacturing and consumer trends
  • 1.8 Commercial vehicles and buses
  • 1.9 Electrification of transport technology
  • 1.10 Current and future trends
  • 1.11 Affordability and consumer appeal
  • 1.12 Long-term vision: solar energy/hydrogen economy
  • 1.13 Conclusion
  • Acknowledgements
  • Further reading
  • I. Alternative Fuels, advanced additives and oils to improve environmental performance
  • 2 The role of alternative and renewable liquid fuels in environmentally sustainable transport
  • 2.1 Introduction
  • 2.1.1 Competing fuels and energy carriers
  • 2.1.2 Onboard energy density
  • 2.1.3 Vehicle cost
  • 2.1.4 Environmental benefits
  • 2.2 Market penetration of biodiesel
  • 2.3 Market penetration of alcohol fuels
  • 2.3.1 Brazil
  • 2.3.2 United States
  • 2.3.3 European union
  • 2.3.4 China
  • 2.4 Future provision of alternative liquid fuels: the biomass limit
  • 2.5 Beyond the biomass limit: sustainable organic fuels for transport
  • 2.5.1 Recycling CO2
  • 2.5.2 Fuel synthesis
  • 2.6 Renewable fuels within an integrated renewable energy system
  • 2.7 Conclusions
  • 2.8 Update for 2021
  • Acknowledgments
  • References
  • 3 Using alternative and renewable liquid fuels to improve the environmental performance of internal combustion engines: key...
  • 3.1 Introduction.
  • 3.2 The use of biodiesel in internal combustion engines: fatty acid methyl esters and hydrogenated vegetable oil
  • 3.3 Alcohol fuels: physicochemical properties
  • 3.3.1 Volumetric energy density and stoichiometry
  • 3.3.2 Vapour pressure
  • 3.3.3 Octane numbers
  • 3.4 Alcohol fuels for spark-ignition engines: effects on performance and efficiency
  • 3.4.1 Performance
  • 3.4.2 Efficiency
  • 3.4.3 The efficiency of dedicated alcohol engines
  • 3.5 Alcohol fuels for spark-ignition engines: pollutant emissions, deposits and lubricant dilution
  • 3.6 Alcohol fuels for compression-ignition engines
  • 3.7 Vehicle and blending technologies for alternative liquid fuels: flexible-fuel vehicles
  • 3.8 Vehicle and blending technologies for alternative liquid fuels: ethanol-gasoline and methanol-gasoline bi-fuel vehicles
  • 3.9 Vehicle and blending technologies for alternative liquid fuels: tri-flex-fuel vehicles and isostoichiometric ternary blends
  • 3.9.1 Isostoichiometric ternary blends
  • 3.10 Conclusions
  • Acknowledgements
  • References
  • Further reading
  • 4 Alternative and renewable gaseous fuels to improve vehicle environmental performance
  • 4.1 Update to the 2021 edition
  • 4.2 Introduction
  • 4.3 Fossil natural gas
  • 4.4 Fossil natural gas production, transmission and distribution
  • 4.4.1 Distribution of compressed natural gas
  • 4.4.2 Distribution of liquefied natural gas
  • 4.5 Natural gas engines and vehicles
  • 4.5.1 Spark-ignition lean burn engines
  • 4.5.2 Spark-ignition stoichiometric engines
  • 4.5.3 Compression-ignition dual-fuel engines
  • 4.5.4 Off-road vehicles
  • 4.5.5 Onboard fuel storage
  • 4.6 Biomethane/biogas
  • 4.7 Biogas production, distribution and storage
  • 4.7.1 Purification to biomethane
  • 4.7.1.1 Absorption
  • 4.7.1.2 Adsorption
  • 4.7.1.3 Membrane separation
  • 4.7.1.4 Cryogenic distillation.
  • 4.7.2 Distribution of gaseous biomethane
  • 4.7.3 Distribution of liquid biomethane
  • 4.7.4 Bulk storage
  • 4.8 Liquefied petroleum gas
  • 4.9 LPG production, distribution, storage and use in vehicles
  • 4.9.1 LPG vehicles and fuel delivery systems
  • 4.9.2 Vapour pressure systems
  • 4.9.3 Liquid injection systems
  • 4.10 Hydrogen
  • 4.11 Hydrogen production, distribution, storage and use in vehicles
  • 4.12 Ammonia
  • 4.13 Lifecycle analysis of alternative gaseous fuels
  • 4.14 Future trends
  • Acknowledgments
  • References
  • Further reading
  • 5 Electricity as an energy vector for transportation vehicles
  • 5.1 Introduction
  • 5.2 Generation
  • 5.2.1 Type 1: mechanical to electrical energy conversion
  • 5.2.2 Type 2: photovoltaic
  • 5.3 Transmission and distribution
  • 5.3.1 Transmission
  • 5.3.2 Distribution
  • 5.3.3 Access to charging points
  • 5.4 Storage
  • 5.5 The nature of electrical energy
  • 5.5.1 Storing electricity
  • 5.5.1.1 Electricity can be stored as itself: electrostatics in capacitors
  • 5.5.1.2 Using an artifact of current flow: inductance
  • 5.5.2 Converting into other forms of energy for storage
  • 5.5.2.1 Mechanical
  • 5.5.2.2 Chemical
  • 5.5.2.3 Lithium-ion battery storage
  • 5.6 Onboard energy storage (battery)
  • 5.6.1 Safety
  • 5.6.2 Supply chain and cost
  • 5.7 Onboard energy storage (hydrogen)
  • 5.7.1 Fuel cells
  • 5.7.2 H2 ICE
  • 5.7.2.1 Hydrogen with a diesel pilot
  • 5.7.2.2 Hydrogen with a spark
  • 5.7.2.3 Hydrogen with a glow plug
  • 5.8 Concluding remarks
  • Further reading
  • 6 Hydrogen as an energy vector for transportation vehicles
  • 6.1 Introduction
  • 6.2 Overview of hydrogen production
  • 6.2.1 Steam methane reformation
  • 6.2.2 Coal gasification
  • 6.2.3 Electrolysis
  • 6.2.4 High-temperature conversion from nuclear energy
  • 6.2.5 By-product and industrial hydrogen.
  • 6.2.6 Green versus blue versus brown hydrogen production
  • 6.3 Overview of electricity production
  • 6.4 Hydrogen storage and transportation
  • 6.4.1 Large-scale storage
  • 6.4.1.1 Cryogenic
  • 6.4.1.2 Underground
  • 6.4.2 Small-scale storage
  • 6.4.2.1 Compressed
  • 6.4.2.2 Cryogenic and cryocompressed hydrogen
  • 6.4.2.3 Metal hydride
  • 6.4.2.4 Surface adsorption
  • 6.4.3 Transportation
  • 6.5 Conclusions
  • References
  • 7 Advanced engine oils
  • 7.1 Introduction
  • 7.2 The role of the lubricant in a modern internal combustion engine
  • 7.2.1 Safeguarding engine durability
  • 7.2.2 Contributing to the fuel economy of the engine
  • 7.2.3 Helping to maintain a low level of emissions
  • 7.3 The composition of a typical modern engine lubricant
  • 7.4 Diesel engine lubrication challenges
  • 7.5 Gasoline engine lubrication challenges
  • 7.6 Industry and original equipment manufacturer specifications for engine oils
  • 7.7 Lubricating modern engines in developing markets
  • 7.8 Future engine oil evolution
  • 7.8.1 Future fuel economy challenges
  • 7.8.2 Future emissions challenges
  • 7.8.3 Future fuel challenges
  • 7.8.4 New materials
  • 7.9 Summary
  • Acknowledgments
  • References
  • Further reading
  • 8 Advanced fuel additives for modern internal combustion engines
  • 8.1 Introduction
  • 8.2 Additive types and their impact on conventional and advanced fuels
  • 8.2.1 Antioxidants and stabilizers
  • 8.2.2 Cold flow improvers
  • 8.2.3 Filter blocking tendency
  • 8.2.4 Lubricity improvers and friction modifiers
  • 8.2.5 Ferrous corrosion inhibitors
  • 8.2.6 Other corrosion inhibitors
  • 8.2.7 Conductivity improvers
  • 8.3 Impacts of additives on combustion characteristics
  • 8.3.1 Diesel ignition improving additives
  • 8.3.2 Octane-improving additives
  • 8.4 Diesel performance and deposit control additives
  • 8.4.1 Injector nozzle coking.
  • 8.4.2 Diesel injector internal deposits
  • 8.4.3 Diesel performance additive packages
  • 8.5 Gasoline performance and deposit control additives
  • 8.5.1 Gasoline engine deposits
  • 8.5.2 Gasoline performance additive packages
  • 8.5.3 Cleanliness and performance of port fuel-injected gasoline engines
  • 8.5.4 Gasoline direct injection engines and injector plugging
  • 8.5.5 Effects of ethanol on deposit formation
  • 8.6 Conclusions and future trends
  • Acknowledgments
  • References
  • II. Improving engine and vehicle design
  • 9 Internal combustion engine cycles and concepts
  • 9.1 Introduction
  • 9.2 Ideal engine operation cycles
  • 9.2.1 Two-stroke cycle
  • 9.2.2 Four-stroke cycle
  • 9.2.3 Ideal cycle analysis and theoretical efficiency limits
  • 9.2.3.1 Constant volume ideal heat addition
  • 9.2.3.2 Constant pressure ideal heat addition
  • 9.2.3.3 Limited pressure ideal heat addition
  • 9.2.3.4 Ideal heat addition method comparison
  • 9.3 Alternative engine operating cycles
  • 9.3.1 Overexpanded cycle
  • 9.3.1.1 Atkinson cycle
  • 9.3.1.2 Miller cycle
  • 9.3.1.3 Implementation of overexpanded cycles
  • 9.3.2 Split cycle engines
  • 9.3.2.1 Scuderi split cycle
  • 9.3.2.2 Stirling split cycle
  • 9.3.3 Rotary engine
  • 9.3.4 Free-piston engine
  • 9.3.5 Dual-fuel engines
  • 9.3.6 Opposed-piston engines
  • 9.4 Comparison of engine cycle performance
  • 9.4.1 Actual engine cycles
  • 9.4.1.1 Spark ignition engines
  • 9.4.1.2 Compression ignition engines
  • 9.4.2 Limitations
  • 9.4.2.1 Friction
  • 9.4.2.2 Heat transfer
  • 9.4.2.3 Throttling
  • 9.4.2.4 Boosting
  • 9.4.3 Impact of fuel type
  • 9.4.4 Convergence of spark ignition and compression ignition engines
  • 9.5 Advantages and limitations of internal combustion engines
  • 9.6 Conclusion and future trends
  • 9.7 Sources of further information and advice
  • References.

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