Integrated solar fuel generators /

This book describes the critical areas of research and development towards viable integrated solar fuels systems, the current state of the art of these efforts and outlines future research needs.

Detalles Bibliográficos
Clasificación:Libro Electrónico
Otros Autores: Sharp, Ian D. (Editor ), Atwater, Harry A. (Harry Albert), 1960- (Editor ), Lewerenz, Hans-Joachim (Editor )
Formato: Electrónico eBook
Idioma:Inglés
Publicado: Cambridge : Royal Society of Chemistry, [2019]
Colección:RSC energy and environment series ; 22.
Temas:
Solar energy.
Solar Energy
Énergie solaire.
solar power.
TECHNOLOGY & ENGINEERING > Mechanical.
Acceso en línea:Texto completo
Tabla de Contenidos:
  • Cover
  • Preface
  • Contents
  • Introduction and System Considerations
  • Chapter 1: Concepts of Photoelectrochemical Energy Conversion and Fuel Generation
  • 1.1 Introductory Remarks
  • 1.2 Semiconductor Junctions and Dark Electrochemical Processes
  • 1.2.1 Concept of the Classical Silicon Solar Cell
  • 1.2.2 The Semiconductor-redox Electrolyte Contact
  • 1.2.3 Dark Currents at the Semiconductor-electrolyte Boundary
  • 1.2.3 Dark Currents at the Semiconductor-electrolyte Boundary
  • 1.2.4 The Role of Surface States at the Electrolyte Boundary
  • 1.3 Semiconductor Junctions for Solar Energy Conversion
  • 1.3.1 Overview of Junction Types
  • 1.3.2 Junctions for Photoelectrochemical Energy Conversion
  • 1.4 Photocurrent Generation at Illuminated Semiconductor Junctions
  • 1.4.1 Photon Absorption
  • 1.4.2 Illuminated Rectifying Junctions
  • 1.5 Photoelectrochemical Water Splitting
  • 1.6 Tandem Junction Water Splitting Cells
  • 1.7 New and Emerging Materials for Photoelectrochemical Energy Conversion
  • 1.8 Concluding Remarks
  • References
  • Chapter 2: Photo-electrochemical Hydrogen Plants at Scale: A Life-cycle Net Energy Assessment
  • 2.1 Introduction
  • 2.2 Methods
  • 2.2.1 Modeling Approach
  • 2.2.2 Uncertainty
  • 2.2.3 Externally-supplied versus On-site Electricity
  • 2.2.4 PEC Cell and Module Design
  • 2.2.4.1 Active Cell Materials Energy
  • 2.2.4.2 Active Cell Fabrication Energy
  • 2.2.4.3 Inactive Component Materials Energy
  • 2.2.4.4 Inactive Component Fabrication Energy
  • 2.2.5 Balance of System (panel-, field- and facility-level) Design
  • 2.3 Results
  • 2.3.1 Re-use of Materials
  • 2.3.2 Solar Concentration
  • 2.3.3 Scale-up Analysis
  • 2.4 Conclusions
  • Acknowledgments
  • References
  • Electrocatalysis.
  • Chapter 3: Understanding the Effects of Composition and Structure on the Oxygen Evolution Reaction (OER) Occurring on NiFeOx Catalysts
  • 3.1 Introduction
  • 3.2 Thermodynamics of Water Splitting
  • 3.3 Catalysts for the OER
  • 3.4 The Structure of FeNiOx
  • 3.5 Identity of the Active Site in FeNiOx
  • 3.6 Factors Affecting the OER Activity of NiFeOOH
  • 3.7 Effects of Additives Other Than Fe on the OER Activity of NiMOx
  • 3.8 Effects of Additive on the OER Activity of NiFeOx
  • 3.9 Conclusions
  • Acknowledgments
  • References
  • Chapter 4: Surface Science, X-ray and Electron Spectroscopy Studies of Electrocatalysis
  • 4.1 Introduction
  • 4.2 Laboratory Based Methods for Surface Characterization
  • 4.2.1 UHV-based Surface Science
  • 4.3 Synchrotron-based in situ and operando Spectroscopy
  • 4.3.1 Photon-in/photon-out Methods: Experimental Setup for operando Spectroscopy, X-ray Absorption, and High Resolution X-ray Spectroscopy
  • 4.3.1.1 Experimental Setup for operando Photon-in/photon-out Spectroscopy
  • 4.3.1.2 X-ray Absorption Spectroscopy
  • 4.3.1.3 High Resolution X-ray Spectroscopy
  • 4.3.1.4 Feasibility of High-energy XAS as operando Surface Analysis Tool
  • 4.3.2 Ambient Pressure XPS
  • 4.3.2.1 Methods: Tender X-ray APXPS
  • 4.4 Summary and Outlook
  • References
  • Chapter 5: Evaluating Electrocatalysts for Solar Water-splitting Reactions
  • 5.1 Introduction
  • 5.2 Experimental Considerations
  • 5.2.1 Cell Design
  • 5.2.2 Auxiliary Electrode
  • 5.2.3 Reference Electrodes
  • 5.2.4 Working Electrode Material
  • 5.2.5 Catalyst Deposition and Characterization
  • 5.3 Catalyst Performance
  • 5.3.1 Elemental Analysis
  • 5.3.2 Catalytic Activity
  • 5.3.3 Short-term Stability
  • 5.3.4 Extended Stability
  • 5.3.5 Faradaic Efficiency Measurements
  • 5.3.6 Measuring Catalyst Surface Area
  • 5.4 Benchmarking Catalyst Performance.
  • 5.4.1 Primary Figure of Merit
  • 5.4.2 Comparing Electrocatalytic Performance
  • 5.5 Conclusions
  • References
  • Semiconductor Light Absorbers
  • Chapter 6: Heterojunction Approaches for Stable and Efficient Photoelectrodes
  • 6.1 Introduction
  • 6.2 Semiconductor-Electrolyte Interface in the Context of Chemical Conversion
  • 6.2.1 Overview
  • 6.2.2 Simple Picture of an Unpinned Semiconductor-Liquid Junction (SLJ)
  • 6.2.3 Electrically Decoupled Photovoltaic and Catalyst
  • 6.2.4 Heterojunction Design for Stability and Efficiency
  • 6.3 JCAP Experimental Work
  • 6.3.1 Photocathodes
  • 6.3.2 Photoanodes
  • 6.4 Summary and Outlook
  • Acknowledgments
  • References
  • Chapter 7: Artificial Photosynthesis with Inorganic Particles
  • 7.1 Why Particles?
  • 7.1.1 Photoreactors
  • 7.2 Absorber Configurations
  • 7.3 Stability
  • 7.4 Ideal Limiting Solar-to-hydrogen (STH) Efficiency
  • 7.5 Experimental Efficiencies
  • 7.6 Mechanism of Water Splitting Photocatalysis
  • 7.7 Free Energy of Photocatalysts
  • 7.8 Light Absorption and Exciton Generation
  • 7.9 Recombination
  • 7.9.1 Auger Recombination
  • 7.9.2 Shockley-Read-Hall Recombination
  • 7.9.3 Surface Recombination
  • 7.9.4 Radiative Recombination
  • 7.9.5 Overall Lifetime
  • 7.10 Charge Transport
  • 7.11 Charge Separation
  • 7.11.1 Junctions
  • 7.11.2 Electric Dipoles
  • 7.11.3 Ohmic Contacts
  • 7.12 Charge Transfer Reactions at the Cocatalyst-Liquid Interface
  • 7.13 Charge Transfer Reactions at Semiconductor-Liquid Interfaces
  • 7.13.1 Controlling the Back Reaction
  • 7.13.2 Photocorrosion
  • 7.13.3 Electrolyte Effects and pH
  • 7.13.4 Theoretical Modeling
  • 7.13.5 Promising Absorber Materials
  • 7.14 Conclusion
  • Acknowledgments
  • References
  • Chapter 8: Degradation of Semiconductor Electrodes in Photoelectrochemical Devices: Principles and Case Studies
  • 8.1 Introduction.
  • 8.2 Thermodynamic and Kinetic Requirements for Material Stability
  • 8.2.1 Thermodynamic Aspects
  • 8.2.1.1 Decomposition by Majority Carriers under Dark Conditions
  • 8.2.1.1 Decomposition by Majority Carriers under Dark Conditions
  • 8.2.1.2 Photo-induced Decomposition by Minority Carriers under Illumination
  • 8.2.2 Kinetic Aspects
  • 8.3 Degradation Mechanisms of Semiconductor Materials
  • 8.3.1 Corrosion
  • 8.3.2 Intercalation and Hydroxylation
  • 8.3.3 Chemical Destabilization
  • 8.4 Investigation of Material Instability
  • 8.4.1 Cuprous Oxide
  • 8.4.2 Titanium Dioxide
  • 8.4.3 Bismuth Vanadate
  • 8.5 Strategies for Improving Material Stability
  • Acknowledgments
  • References
  • New Materials and Components
  • Chapter 9: High Throughput Experimentation for the Discovery of Water Splitting Materials
  • 9.1 Mission-driven Materials Discovery: Introduction and Strategies
  • 9.1.1 High Throughput Screening for Specific Device Components and Operating Conditions
  • 9.1.2 General Strategies for Constructing Experimental Screening Pipelines
  • 9.2 Cross-cutting Capabilities: Materials Synthesis and Data Management
  • 9.2.1 Inkjet Printing of Functional Metal Oxides
  • 9.2.2 Combinatorial Physical Vapor Deposition
  • 9.2.3 Thermal Processing
  • 9.2.4 Data Management
  • 9.3 Experimental Pipeline for Discovering OER Electrocatalysts
  • 9.3.1 The Scanning Droplet Cell and Its Deployment for Electrocatalyst Discovery
  • 9.3.2 Parallel Screening via Bubble Imaging
  • 9.3.3 Screening Libraries with Unstable Catalysts
  • 9.3.4 Materials Characterization for Electrocatalysts
  • 9.4 Experimental Pipeline for Discovering Photoanodes
  • 9.4.1 High Throughput Spectroscopy for Band Gap Screening
  • 9.4.2 Colorimetry as a Parallel Screen
  • 9.4.3 Photoelectrochemistry with the Scanning Droplet Cell.
  • 9.4.4 Material Characterization of Photoanodes: Linking to Theory
  • 9.5 Combining Materials and Techniques for Discovery of Integrated Materials
  • 9.6 Lessons Learned and Future Prospects
  • Acknowledgments
  • References
  • Chapter 10: Membranes for Solar Fuels Devices
  • 10.1 Transport Challenges in Membranes for Solar Fuels Devices
  • 10.2 Membrane Materials and Structure
  • 10.3 Commercial Membranes
  • 10.4 Transport of Solutes in Membranes
  • 10.5 Solute Sorption
  • 10.6 Solute Diffusion
  • 10.7 Water Sorption
  • 10.8 Electrical Properties
  • 10.9 Multicomponent Transport
  • 10.10 Measurement of Transport Parameters in Membranes
  • 10.11 Phenomena Affecting Transport: Physical Aging and Degradation
  • 10.12 JCAP Membrane Research
  • 10.13 Outlook for Membranes in CO2 Reduction Devices
  • List of Symbols
  • References
  • Devices and Modelling
  • Chapter 11: Prototyping Development of Integrated Solar-driven Water-splitting Cells
  • 11.1 Introduction
  • 11.2 Materials and Components
  • 11.2.1 Selection and Design Consideration of Light Absorber Materials
  • 11.2.1.1 Triple-junction Amorphous Silicon
  • 11.2.1.2 Monolithic Tandem and Triple-junction Crystalline Silicon
  • 11.2.1.3 Compound Semiconductor Multi-junction Photovoltaics
  • 11.2.2 Selection and Design Consideration of Electrolytes
  • 11.2.2.1 Electrolyte Effect on Transport Losses in a Device
  • 11.2.2.2 Electrolyte Effect on the Stability of Semiconducting Light Absorbers
  • 11.2.2.3 Electrolyte Effect on Catalytic Activity, Stability and Optical Transmittance
  • 11.2.2.3.1 Effect of Unintentional Cation and Anion in Electrolyte on the Catalytic Activity
  • 11.2.2.3.2 Electrolyte Effect on Activity and Stability
  • 11.2.2.3.3 Electrolyte Effect on Light Absorption
  • 11.2.2.3.4 Electrolyte Effect on Electrochromism of Electrocatalysts
  • 11.2.3 Incorporation of Membrane Separators.

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