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Fuel cell systems explained /

Since publication of the first edition of Fuel Cell Systems Explained, three compelling drivers have supported the continuing development of fuel cell technology. These are: the need to maintain energy security in an energy-hungry world, the desire to move towards zero-emission vehicles and power pl...

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Detalles Bibliográficos
Clasificación:	Libro Electrónico
Autores principales:	Dicks, Andrew (Autor), Rand, D. A. J. (David Anthony James), 1942- (Autor)
Formato:	Electrónico eBook
Idioma:	Inglés
Publicado:	Hoboken, NJ, USA : Wiley, [2018]
Edición:	Third edition.
Temas:	Fuel cells. TECHNOLOGY & ENGINEERING > Mechanical. Fuel cells
Acceso en línea:	Texto completo

Tabla de Contenidos:

Intro
Title Page
Copyright Page
Contents
Brief Biographies
Preface
Acknowledgments
Acronyms and Initialisms
Symbols and Units
Chapter 1 Introducing Fuel Cells
1.1 Historical Perspective
1.2 Fuel-Cell Basics
1.3 Electrode Reaction Rates
1.4 Stack Design
1.5 Gas Supply and Cooling
1.6 Principal Technologies
1.7 Mechanically Rechargeable Batteries and Other Fuel Cells
1.7.1 Metal-Air Cells
1.7.2 Redox Flow Cells
1.7.3 Biological Fuel Cells
1.8 Balance-of-Plant Components
1.9 Fuel-Cell Systems: Key Parameters
1.10 Advantages and Applications
Further Reading
Chapter 2 Efficiency and Open-Circuit Voltage
2.1 Open-Circuit Voltage: Hydrogen Fuel Cell
2.2 Open-Circuit Voltage: Other Fuel Cells and Batteries
2.3 Efficiency and Its Limits
2.4 Efficiency and Voltage
2.5 Influence of Pressure and Gas Concentration
2.5.1 Nernst Equation
2.5.2 Hydrogen Partial Pressure
2.5.3 Fuel and Oxidant Utilization
2.5.4 System Pressure
2.6 Summary
Further Reading
Chapter 3 Operational Fuel-Cell Voltages
3.1 Fundamental Voltage: Current Behaviour
3.2 Terminology
3.3 Fuel-Cell Irreversibilities
3.4 Activation Losses
3.4.1 The Tafel Equation
3.4.2 The Constants in the Tafel Equation
3.4.3 Reducing the Activation Overpotential
3.5 Internal Currents and Fuel Crossover
3.6 Ohmic Losses
3.7 Mass-Transport Losses
3.8 Combining the Irreversibilities
3.9 The Electrical Double-Layer
3.10 Techniques for Distinguishing Irreversibilities
3.10.1 Cyclic Voltammetry
3.10.2 AC Impedance Spectroscopy
3.10.3 Current Interruption
Further Reading
Chapter 4 Proton-Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells
4.1 Overview
4.2 Polymer Electrolyte: Principles of Operation
4.2.1 Perfluorinated Sulfonic Acid Membrane.
4.2.2 Modified Perfluorinated Sulfonic Acid Membranes
4.2.3 Alternative Sulfonated and Non-Sulfonated Membranes
4.2.4 Acid-Base Complexes and Ionic Liquids
4.2.5 High-Temperature Proton Conductors
4.3 Electrodes and Electrode Structure
4.3.1 Catalyst Layers: Platinum-Based Catalysts
4.3.2 Catalyst Layers: Alternative Catalysts for Oxygen Reduction
4.3.2.1 Macrocyclics
4.3.2.2 Chalcogenides
4.3.2.3 Conductive Polymers
4.3.2.4 Nitrides
4.3.2.5 Functionalized Carbons
4.3.2.6 Heteropolyacids
4.3.3 Catalyst Layer: Negative Electrode
4.3.4 Catalyst Durability
4.3.5 Gas-Diffusion Layer
4.4 Water Management
4.4.1 Hydration and Water Movement
4.4.2 Air Flow and Water Evaporation
4.4.3 Air Humidity
4.4.4 Self-Humidified Cells
4.4.5 External Humidification: Principles
4.4.6 External Humidification: Methods
4.5 Cooling and Air Supply
4.5.1 Cooling with Cathode Air Supply
4.5.2 Separate Reactant and Cooling Air
4.5.3 Water Cooling
4.6 Stack Construction Methods
4.6.1 Introduction
4.6.2 Carbon Bipolar Plates
4.6.3 Metal Bipolar Plates
4.6.4 Flow-Field Patterns
4.6.5 Other Topologies
4.6.6 Mixed Reactant Cells
4.7 Operating Pressure
4.7.1 Technical Issues
4.7.2 Benefits of High Operating Pressures
4.7.2.1 Current
4.7.3 Other Factors
4.8 Fuel Types
4.8.1 Reformed Hydrocarbons
4.8.2 Alcohols and Other Liquid Fuels
4.9 Practical and Commercial Systems
4.9.1 Small-Scale Systems
4.9.2 Medium-Scale for Stationary Applications
4.9.3 Transport System Applications
4.10 System Design, Stack Lifetime and Related Issues
4.10.1 Membrane Degradation
4.10.2 Catalyst Degradation
4.10.3 System Control
4.11 Unitized Regenerative Fuel Cells
Further Reading
Chapter 5 Alkaline Fuel Cells
5.1 Principles of Operation.
5.2 System Designs
5.2.1 Circulating Electrolyte Solution
5.2.2 Static Electrolyte Solution
5.2.3 Dissolved Fuel
5.2.4 Anion-Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells
5.3 Electrodes
5.3.1 Sintered Nickel Powder
5.3.2 Raney Metals
5.3.3 Rolled Carbon
5.3.4 Catalysts
5.4 Stack Designs
5.4.1 Monopolar and Bipolar
5.4.2 Other Stack Designs
5.5 Operating Pressure and Temperature
5.6 Opportunities and Challenges
Further Reading
Chapter 6 Direct Liquid Fuel Cells
6.1 Direct Methanol Fuel Cells
6.1.1 Principles of Operation
6.1.2 Electrode Reactions with a Proton-Exchange Membrane Electrolyte
6.1.3 Electrode Reactions with an Alkaline Electrolyte
6.1.4 Anode Catalysts
6.1.5 Cathode Catalysts
6.1.6 System Designs
6.1.7 Fuel Crossover
6.1.8 Mitigating Fuel Crossover: Standard Techniques
6.1.9 Mitigating Fuel Crossover: Prospective Techniques
6.1.10 Methanol Production
6.1.11 Methanol Safety and Storage
6.2 Direct Ethanol Fuel Cells
6.2.1 Principles of Operation
6.2.2 Ethanol Oxidation, Catalyst and Reaction Mechanism
6.2.3 Low-Temperature Operation: Performance and Challenges
6.2.4 High-Temperature Direct Ethanol Fuel Cells
6.3 Direct Propanol Fuel Cells
6.4 Direct Ethylene Glycol Fuel Cells
6.4.1 Principles of Operation
6.4.2 Ethylene Glycol: Anodic Oxidation
6.4.3 Cell Performance
6.5 Formic Acid Fuel Cells
6.5.1 Formic Acid: Anodic Oxidation
6.5.2 Cell Performance
6.6 Borohydride Fuel Cells
6.6.1 Anode Catalysts
6.6.2 Challenges
6.7 Application of Direct Liquid Fuel Cells
Further Reading
Chapter 7 Phosphoric Acid Fuel Cells
7.1 High-Temperature Fuel-Cell Systems
7.2 System Design
7.2.1 Fuel Processing
7.2.2 Fuel Utilization
7.2.3 Heat-Exchangers
7.2.3.1 Designs
7.2.3.2 Exergy Analysis
7.2.3.3 Pinch Analysis.
7.3 Principles of Operation
7.3.1 Electrolyte
7.3.2 Electrodes and Catalysts
7.3.3 Stack Construction
7.3.4 Stack Cooling and Manifolding
7.4 Performance
7.4.1 Operating Pressure
7.4.2 Operating Temperature
7.4.3 Effects of Fuel and Oxidant Composition
7.4.4 Effects of Carbon Monoxide and Sulfur
7.5 Technological Developments
Further Reading
Chapter 8 Molten Carbonate Fuel Cells
8.1 Principles of Operation
8.2 Cell Components
8.2.1 Electrolyte
8.2.2 Anode
8.2.3 Cathode
8.2.4 Non-Porous Components
8.3 Stack Configuration and Sealing
8.3.1 Manifolding
8.3.2 Internal and External Reforming
8.4 Performance
8.4.1 Influence of Pressure
8.4.2 Influence of Temperature
8.5 Practical Systems
8.5.1 Fuel Cell Energy (USA)
8.5.2 Fuel Cell Energy Solutions (Europe)
8.5.3 Facilities in Japan
8.5.4 Facilities in South Korea
8.6 Future Research and Development
8.7 Hydrogen Production and Carbon Dioxide Separation
8.8 Direct Carbon Fuel Cell
Further Reading
Chapter 9 Solid Oxide Fuel Cells
9.1 Principles of Operation
9.1.1 High-Temperature (HT) Cells
9.1.2 Low-Temperature (IT) Cells
9.2 Components
9.2.1 Zirconia Electrolyte for HT-Cells
9.2.2 Electrolytes for IT-Cells
9.2.2.1 Ceria
9.2.2.2 Perovskites
9.2.2.3 Other Materials
9.2.3 Anodes
9.2.3.1 Nickel-YSZ
9.2.3.2 Cathode
9.2.3.3 Mixed Ionic-Electronic Conductor Anode
9.2.4 Cathode
9.2.5 Interconnect Material
9.2.6 Sealing Materials
9.3 Practical Design and Stacking Arrangements
9.3.1 Tubular Design
9.3.2 Planar Design
9.4 Performance
9.5 Developmental and Commercial Systems
9.5.1 Tubular SOFCs
9.5.2 Planar SOFCs
9.6 Combined-Cycle and Other Systems
Further Reading
Chapter 10 Fuels for Fuel Cells
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Fossil Fuels.
10.2.1 Petroleum
10.2.2 Petroleum from Tar Sands, Oil Shales and Gas Hydrates
10.2.3 Coal and Coal Gases
10.2.4 Natural Gas and Coal-Bed Methane (Coal-Seam Gas)
10.3 Biofuels
10.4 Basics of Fuel Processing
10.4.1 Fuel-Cell Requirements
10.4.2 Desulfurization
10.4.3 Steam Reforming
10.4.4 Carbon Formation and Pre-Reforming
10.4.5 Internal Reforming
10.4.5.1 Indirect Internal Reforming (IIR)
10.4.5.2 Direct Internal Reforming (DIR)
10.4.6 Direct Hydrocarbon Oxidation
10.4.7 Partial Oxidation and Autothermal Reforming
10.4.8 Solar-Thermal Reforming
10.4.9 Sorbent-Enhanced Reforming
10.4.10 Hydrogen Generation by Pyrolysis or Thermal Cracking of Hydrocarbons
10.4.11 Further Fuel Processing: Removal of Carbon Monoxide
10.5 Membrane Developments for Gas Separation
10.5.1 Non-Porous Metal Membranes
10.5.2 Non-Porous Ceramic Membranes
10.5.3 Porous Membranes
10.5.4 Oxygen Separation
10.6 Practical Fuel Processing: Stationary Applications
10.6.1 Industrial Steam Reforming
10.6.2 Fuel-Cell Plants Operating with Steam Reforming of Natural Gas
10.6.3 Reformer and Partial Oxidation Designs
10.6.3.1 Conventional Packed-Bed Catalytic Reactors
10.6.3.2 Compact Reformers
10.6.3.3 Plate Reformers and Microchannel Reformers
10.6.3.4 Membrane Reactors
10.6.3.5 Non-Catalytic Partial Oxidation Reactors
10.6.3.6 Catalytic Partial Oxidation Reactors
10.7 Practical Fuel Processing: Mobile Applications
10.8 Electrolysers
10.8.1 Operation of Electrolysers
10.8.2 Applications
10.8.3 Electrolyser Efficiency
10.8.4 Photoelectrochemical Cells
10.9 Thermochemical Hydrogen Production and Chemical Looping
10.9.1 Thermochemical Cycles
10.9.2 Chemical Looping
10.10 Biological Production of Hydrogen
10.10.1 Introduction.

Fuel cell systems explained /

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