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Morphing wing technologies : large commercial aircraft and civil helicopters /

Morphing Wings Technologies: Large Commercial Aircraft and Civil Helicopters offers a fresh look at current research on morphing aircraft, including industry design, real manufactured prototypes and certification. This is an invaluable reference for students in the aeronautics and aerospace fields w...

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Detalles Bibliográficos
Clasificación:Libro Electrónico
Otros Autores: Concilio, Antonio, 1964- (Editor ), Dimino, Ignazio (Editor ), Lecce, Leonardo (Editor ), Pecora, Rosario (Editor )
Formato: Electrónico eBook
Idioma:Inglés
Publicado: Cambridge, MA : Butterworth-Heinemann, [2018]
Edición:First edition.
Temas:
Acceso en línea:Texto completo
Tabla de Contenidos:
  • Machine generated contents note: ch. 1 Historical Background and Current Scenario
  • 1. Introduction
  • 2. Components of a Wing Morphing Structural System
  • 2.1. Structural Skeleton
  • 2.2. Actuation Systems
  • 2.3. Skin
  • 2.4. Control System
  • 2.5. Cabling
  • 2.6. Assembly
  • 3. Main Challenges
  • 3.1. Skins
  • 3.2. Actuation Systems
  • 3.3. Sensor Systems
  • 4. Back to the Past
  • 4.1. Wright's Flyer
  • 4.2. Plane and the Like for Aeroplanes
  • 4.3. Parker's Wing
  • 5. Modern Times
  • 5.1. NASA Studies
  • 5.2. DGLR Studies
  • 5.3. Mission Adaptive Wing
  • 5.4. Further NASA Studies
  • 6. Recent Activities-United States
  • 6.1. Adaptive Wing Reborn: SMAs
  • 6.2. DARPA Smart Wing Program
  • 6.3. DARPA Morphing Aircraft Structures Program
  • 7. Recent Activities-Europe
  • 7.1. ADIF
  • 7.2. Clean Sky
  • 8. Current Scenario
  • 8.1. Airbus-SARISTU (Smart Intelligent Aircraft Structures)
  • 8.2. Boeing-Adaptive Wing
  • 8.3. Flexsys and Gulfstream
  • 9. Tradition at the University of Napoli and CIRA
  • 9.1. Adaptive Airfoil
  • 9.2. Hinge-Less Wing
  • 9.3. Smartflap
  • 9.4. SADE
  • 9.5. Clean Sky-JTI-GRA-Low Noise
  • 9.6. EU-SARISTU
  • 9.7. Adaptive Aileron
  • 10. Future Perspectives
  • 10.1. Safe Design
  • 10.2. Skins and Fillers
  • 10.3. Direct Actuation: The Use of Smart Materials
  • 10.4. Wireless, Distributed Sensing
  • 10.5. Control System Architecture
  • 10.6. Cybernetics and Robotics
  • Acknowledgments
  • References
  • University of Napoli and CIRA International Awards
  • ch. 2 Aircraft Morphing-An Industry Vision
  • 1. Introduction
  • 2. Current Aircraft Capabilities
  • 2.1. Interest of Industry
  • 2.2. Some Considerations About Industry Aerodynamic Design Process
  • 2.3. Expected Performance Targets
  • 2.4. Manufacturing: New Materials and Controlled Industrial Processes
  • 2.5. Assembly and Quality: Automation and Integrated Parts
  • 2.6. Maintenance: Assessed Steps and Personnel Training
  • 2.7. Safety: Assessed Methods for Standard Architectures
  • 3. Current and Expected Needs
  • 3.1. Technology Transition
  • 3.2. Mission Configurable Wing
  • 3.3. Improved Flaps and Ailerons
  • 4. Morphing as a Solution
  • 4.1. Wing and Control Surface Feasible Solutions
  • 4.2. Some Specific Requirements
  • 5. Conclusions
  • References
  • ch. 3 Development of Morphing Aircraft Benefit Assessment
  • 1. Experiments as Basis for Morphing Progress
  • 2. Advent of Transonic Methods
  • 3. Automated Methods as Enabler for Large Scale Studies
  • 4. Reintroduction of Flexible Materials
  • 5. Final Step to Industrial Application
  • References
  • ch. 4 Span Morphing Concept: An Overview
  • 1. Introduction
  • 2. Effects of Span Increase
  • 2.1. Aerodynamic Effects
  • 2.2. Structural Effects
  • 2.3. Stability and Control Effects
  • 3. Span Morphing Concepts and Aircraft Performance
  • 3.1. Symmetric Span Morphing
  • 3.2. Asymmetric Span Morphing
  • 4. Implementation Challenges
  • 4.1. Telescopic Wings
  • 4.2. Hinged Structures
  • 4.3. Twin Spars
  • 5. Conclusions
  • Acknowledgments
  • References
  • ch. 5 Adjoint-Based Aerodynamic Shape Optimization Applied to Morphing Technology on a Regional Aircraft Wing
  • 1. Introduction
  • 2. Handling of Morphing Shape Changes in a CFD Context
  • 2.1. Context of the Study
  • 2.2. Discrete Model of Displacement Field at the Trailing Edge
  • 2.3. 3D CFD Mesh Deformation Technique
  • 3. CFD Evaluation and Far-Field Drag Analysis Over a Wing Equipped with a Morphing System
  • 3.1. Finite-Volume Solver for the RANS Equations in elsA
  • 3.2. Far-Field Drag Extraction Tool
  • 4. Sensitivity Analysis Using a Discrete Adjoint of the RANS Equations
  • 4.1. Residual and Objective Function Dependencies
  • 4.2. Discrete Adjoint Method in elsA
  • 5. Local Shape Optimization Technique
  • 5.1. Definition of the Problem
  • 5.2. Method of Feasible Directions
  • 5.3. 2D Example: The Rosenbrock's Function Constrained by a Disk
  • 6. Aerodynamic Shape Optimization of Morphing System: An Application Within the EU Project SARISTU
  • 6.1. Optimization Problem
  • 6.2. Optimization Loop Presentation
  • 6.3. First Optimization
  • 6.4. Second Optimization
  • 6.5. Expectations on Morphing Technology
  • 7. Conclusion
  • References
  • Further Reading
  • ch. 6 Expected Performances
  • 1. Introduction
  • 2. Reference Aircraft
  • 3. Active Camber Using Conventional Control Surfaces
  • 3.1. Five Panels Over the Flap Region
  • 4. Coupled Aerostructural Shape Optimization
  • 4.1. Morphing Leading Edge
  • 4.2. Morphing Trailing Edge
  • 5. Fuel Savings
  • 6. High-Fidelity Aerodynamic Analysis
  • 6.1. Leading Edge Morphing
  • 6.2. Trailing Edge Morphing
  • 7. Weight Saving
  • 7.1. Morphing Devices
  • 8. Benefit Exploitation in the Transport Aircraft Design
  • 9. Conclusions
  • Acknowledgments
  • References
  • ch. 7 Morphing Skin: Foams
  • 1. Introduction
  • 2. Design Principles
  • 3. Low Temperature Elastomers
  • 4. Material Properties of HYPERFLEX
  • 5. Properties of Bonded Joints
  • 6. Properties of Morphing Skin
  • 7. Skin Manufacturing
  • 8. Summary and Conclusions
  • References
  • ch. 8 Design of Skin Panels for Morphing Wings in Lattice Materials
  • 1. Introduction
  • 2. Requirements for the Skin of a Morphing Wing
  • 3. Methodology for Nonlinear Homogenization of Periodic Structures
  • 4. Mechanical Properties of Skin Panels in Lattice Material
  • 4.1. Analysis of Selected Lattice Topologies
  • 4.2. Design Space of the Chevron Lattice
  • 5. Conclusions
  • References
  • ch. 9 Composite Corrugated Laminates for Morphing Applications
  • 1. Introduction
  • 2. Types of Corrugated Laminates
  • 3. Anisotropy and Stiffness Properties in Morphing Direction
  • 3.1. Anisotropy Indices of Stiffness Properties
  • 3.2. Compliance in Morphing Directions of Different Types of Composite Corrugated Laminates
  • 4. Strength and Stiffness Contributions in Nonmorphing Directions
  • 4.1. Failure Modes of Composite Corrugated Laminates and Strain Limits
  • 4.2. Evaluation of Structural Stiffness Contribution in Nonmorphing Directions
  • 5. Manufacturing of Composite Corrugated Laminates
  • 6. Development of Aerodynamically Efficient Morphing Skins
  • 6.1. Aerodynamic Issues in the Application of Composite Corrugated Laminates
  • 6.2. Performance Index Based on Ratio Between Bending and Axial Compliance
  • 6.3. Integration of an Elastomertic Cover on a Square-Shaped Corrugated Laminate
  • 7. Conclusions
  • References
  • ch. 10 Active Metal Structures
  • 1. Introduction
  • 2. Morphing Oriented Kinematic Chains: Working Principles and Design Approaches
  • 2.1. Spar Caps Section Area at Generic Cross-section
  • 2.2. Spars Webs, Skin Panels, Rib Plate Thickness at Generic Cross-Section
  • 3. Compliant Mechanisms: Working Principles and Design Approaches
  • 4. Applications of Morphing Oriented Kinematic Chains
  • 4.1. Morphing Concept Overview
  • 4.2. Structural Analyses
  • 5. Applications of the Compliant Mechanism Approach
  • 5.1. Arc-Based Flap, Actuated by SMA Active Elements
  • 5.2. X-Cell Architecture for a Single Slotted Flap
  • 6. Conclusions
  • References
  • ch.
  • 11 Sensor Systems for Smart Architectures
  • 1. Introduction
  • 2. Strain Sensors
  • 2.1. Strain Gauge Foils
  • 2.2. Piezoelectric Devices
  • 2.3. Graphene-Based Polymers
  • 2.4. Fiber Optics
  • 3. Sensor Systems for Large Scale Integration
  • 3.1. Wireless Technology
  • 3.2. Sprayed Technology
  • 3.3. Distributed Technology
  • 3.4. Some Installation Issues
  • 4. Case Studies
  • 4.1. Shape Reconstruction of a Variable Camber Wing Trailing Edge
  • 4.2. Damage and Load Monitoring
  • 4.3. Rotation Angle Monitoring
  • 5. Conclusions and Perspectives
  • References
  • ch. 12 Control Techniques for a Smart Actuated Morphing Wing Model: Design, Numerical Simulation and Experimental Validation
  • 1. Introduction
  • 2. Project Background
  • 3. General Structures of the Open Loop and Closed Loop Control Architectures
  • 4. Open Loop Controllers
  • 4.1. Fuzzy Logic PD Controller
  • 4.2. Combined On-Off and PID Fuzzy Logic Controller
  • 4.3. Combined On-Off and Cascade PD-PI Fuzzy Logic Controller
  • 4.4. Combined On-Off and Self-Tuning Fuzzy Logic Controller
  • 5. Optimized Closed Loop Control Method
  • 6. Conclusions
  • Acknowledgments
  • References
  • ch. 13 Influence of the Elastic Constraint on the Functionality of Integrated Morphing Devices
  • 1. Introduction
  • 2. Features of the FE Models
  • 2.1. LE Modeling Strategy
  • 2.2. TE Modeling Strategy
  • 2.3. WL Modeling Strategy
  • 3. Isolated Devices Behavior
  • 4. Global Stiffness of the Outer Wing Box
  • 5. Effects of the Actuation of the Morphing Devices
  • 5.1. Cross Effects
  • 5.2. Effects on the Wing Box
  • 6. Conclusions and Further Steps
  • References
  • ch. 14 Application of the Extra-Modes Method to the Aeroelastic Analysis of Morphing Wing Structures
  • 1. Introduction
  • 2. Aeroelastic Equilibrium Equation and Stability
  • 3. Extra-Modes Formulation
  • 4. Aeroelastic Analyses of Morphing Wings Using the Extra-Modes Method
  • 4.1. Effectiveness of Wing Twist Morphing as Roll Control Strategy
  • 4.2. Trade-Off Flutter Analysis of a Morphing Wing Trailing Edge
  • 5. Conclusions
  • Bibliography
  • ch. 15 Stress Analysis of a Morphing System
  • 1. Introduction
  • 2. Design of a Morphing Structure.
  • Note continued: 3. Finite Element Modeling of Morphing Structures
  • 3.1. Rib and Spars
  • 3.2. Fasteners
  • 3.3. Skin
  • 3.4. Actuation System
  • 4. Design Loads and Constraints
  • 5. Structural Design and Simulations
  • 5.1. Static Analysis at Limit and Ultimate Loads: Linear and Nonlinear Analysis
  • 5.2. Stress Analysis
  • 5.3. Buckling Analysis
  • 5.4. Modal Analysis
  • 6. Stress Margins of Safety
  • 6.1. Solid Parts
  • 6.2. Internal Connections
  • 7. Conclusions
  • References
  • Further Readings
  • ch. 16 Morphing of the Leading Edge
  • 1. Summary
  • 2. Introduction
  • 3. Conceptual Approach to the Morphing of the Leading Edge
  • 4. Working Principle of the Architecture Selected to Produce the Drop Nose Effect
  • 5. Architecture Design
  • 5.1. Identification of the Kinematic Chain in the Rib Plane
  • 5.2. Topologic Optimization of the In-Plane Rib Architecture
  • 5.3. Spanwise Architecture and Actuation Design
  • 5.4. Modelling and Working Simulation of the Complete Architecture
  • 6. Prototyping
  • 7. Experimental Campaign
  • 7.1. Setup
  • 7.2. Experimental Results
  • 7.3. Numerical-Experimental Comparison
  • 8. Conclusions and Further Steps
  • References
  • ch. 17 Adaptive Trailing Edge
  • 1. Introduction
  • 2. Concept
  • 2.1. Layout
  • 3. Design
  • 3.1. Design Loads
  • 3.2. Structural Sizing
  • 3.3. Actuator Selection
  • 3.4. Results
  • 4. Safety and Reliability Aspects
  • 4.1. Generalities
  • 4.2. Distributed Actuation
  • 4.3. ATED Function
  • 4.4. Fault Hazard Assessment
  • 4.5. Functional Hazard Assessment
  • 5. Discussion: Implementation on Real Aircraft
  • 5.1. System Development
  • 5.2. Operational Aspects
  • 5.3. Aeroelastic Issues
  • 6. Conclusions and Future Developments
  • Acknowledgments
  • References
  • Further Reading
  • ch. 18 Morphing Aileron
  • 1. Introduction
  • 2. Conceptual Approach
  • 3. Working Principle and T/A Architecture
  • 4. Actuation System Design
  • 5. Numerical Simulations
  • 5.1. Interface Load
  • 6. Prototyping
  • 7. Experimental Tests and Main Outcome
  • 7.1. GVT and Numerical Correlation
  • 7.2. Functionality Test
  • 7.3. Experimental Shapes
  • 8. Wind Tunnel Tests
  • 9. Conclusions
  • References
  • ch. 19 Morphing Technology for Advanced Future Commercial Aircrafts
  • 1. Introduction
  • 2. ATED Manufacturing
  • 2.1. Morphing System
  • 2.2. Manufacturing
  • 2.3. Assembly
  • 2.4. Test Campaign
  • 2.5. Conclusions
  • 3. Other Experiences
  • 3.1. 3AS Project
  • 3.2. CURVED Project
  • 4. Future Studies-The Morphing Rudder
  • 4.1. Synthesis
  • 4.2. Manufacturing Challenges
  • 4.3. Lateral Directional Stability Analysis
  • 5. Conclusions
  • References
  • Further Reading
  • ch. 20 Morphing Wing Integration
  • 1. Introduction
  • 2. Demonstrator Components
  • 2.1. Wing Box Primary Structure
  • 2.2. Leading Edge
  • 2.3. Trailing Edge
  • 2.4. Winglet
  • 3. Conditions of Assembly
  • 4. Jig
  • 5. Equipment and Tooling
  • 6. Demonstrator Assembly
  • 6.1. Assembly of the Wing Box
  • 6.2. Morphing Systems Installation: The Leading Edge
  • 6.3. Morphing Systems Installation: The Trailing Edge
  • 6.4. Morphing Systems Installation: The Winglet
  • 7. FBG Sensor Network
  • 8. Conclusions
  • Acknowledgments
  • References
  • ch. 21 Morphing Devices: Safety, Reliability, and Certification Prospects
  • 1. Introduction
  • 2. System Level Approaches to the Certification of Morphing Wing Devices
  • 2.1. Adaptive Droop Nose
  • 2.2. Adaptive Trailing Edge Device
  • 2.3. Morphing Winglet
  • 2.4. Defining the System Level Functions of Morphing Devices
  • 2.5. Dual Level Safety
  • 3. Functional Hazard Assessment
  • 4. Dual-Level Approach for the FTA of a Morphing Wing
  • 5. Common Cause Analyses
  • 5.1. Particular Risk Analysis
  • 5.2. Common Mode Analysis
  • 5.3. Zonal Safety Analysis
  • 6. Conclusions
  • References
  • ch. 22 On the Experimental Characterization of Morphing Structures
  • 1. Introduction
  • 2. Testing Practices for Morphing Systems
  • 2.1. Morphing Trailing Edge Device
  • 3. Unit Tests: From Component to Morphing System Verification
  • 3.1. Skin Over Dummy
  • 3.2. Actuators Over Dummy
  • 3.3. Control System Over Dummy
  • 3.4. Control System Over Skinned Dummy
  • 3.5. Complete System
  • 4. System Integration Test Bench for Morphing Systems
  • 5. Full-Scale Testing
  • 5.1. Shape Control of Adaptive Wings
  • 5.2. Wing Shape Controller Strategies and Experimental Verification
  • 6. Conclusions
  • References
  • ch. 23 Wind Tunnel Testing of Adaptive Wing Structures
  • 1. Introduction
  • 1.1. General Test Procedure for the Morphing Item
  • 2. 3AS
  • 2.1. Requirements for the EURAM and Experimental Facilities
  • 2.2. Model Design and Manufacture
  • 2.3. Laboratory Tests
  • 2.4. Aeroelastic Wing Tip Controls Concept
  • 2.5. All-Movable Vertical Tail Concept
  • 2.6. Selective Deformable Structure Concept
  • 3. SADE
  • 3.1. Wing Demonstrator
  • 3.2. Videogrammetry Method of Deformation Measuring
  • 3.3. Test Object and Experimental Facility
  • 3.4. Measuring Process and Data Handling
  • 4. SARISTU
  • 4.1. Objectives of the Wind Tunnel Test
  • 4.2. Ground Vibration Test and Flutter Expansion Test
  • 4.3. Load Measurements
  • 4.4. Calculations of Wing Demo Aerodynamics in T-104 WT
  • 4.5. Deformations Measurements of the Wing with Elastic Controls in WT T-104 Flow
  • 5. Conclusions
  • Acknowledgments
  • References
  • ch. 24 Rotary Wings Morphing Technologies: State of the Art and Perspectives
  • 1. Introduction
  • 2. Overview of Rotor Morphing Technologies
  • 2.1. Trailing Edge Flaps
  • 2.2. Active and Variable Twist
  • 2.3. Variable Span
  • 2.4. Emerging Rotor Morphing Technologies
  • 3. Critical Review of Some Significant Efforts
  • 3.1. Active Trailing and Leading Edge Devices
  • 3.2. Individual Blade Control
  • 3.3. Active Twist
  • 3.4. Variable Span
  • 3.5. Slowed/Stopped Rotor
  • 4. Conclusions
  • References
  • ch. 25 Aerodynamic Analyses of Tiltrotor Morphing Blades
  • 1. Introduction
  • 2. Aim and Structure of the Chapter
  • 3. Research Context
  • 4. Outline of Methods and Numerical Tools
  • 4.1. Integration and Optimization Environment
  • 4.2. MDA Procedures and Optimization Processes
  • 4.3. BEMT Analysis
  • 4.4. CFD Driven Analysis
  • 4.5. Blade Parameterization
  • 4.6. Airfoil Selection
  • 4.7. Surface Grid Generation
  • 4.8. Volume Grid Generation
  • 5. Background
  • 6. Case Study
  • 6.1. Description of Activities
  • 6.2. Baseline Geometry
  • 6.3. Optimization Objectives and Strategy
  • 7. Un-Morphed Blades
  • 8. Morphing Blades
  • 8.1. Blade Span Morphing and Variable Speed Rotor
  • 8.2. Blade Section Morphing
  • 9. Conclusions
  • References
  • ch. 26 Synergic Effects of Passive and Active Ice Protection Systems
  • 1. Introduction
  • 2. Pros and Cons of Considered IPS
  • 2.1. Thermoelectric IPS
  • 2.2. Low-Power Consuming Piezoelectric Deicing Systems
  • 2.3. Hydrophobic Coatings
  • 2.4. Alternative Strategy Based on a Hybrid Approach
  • 3. Design and Realization of the IPS
  • 3.1. Hydrophobic Coating Design and Process Assessment
  • 3.2. Thermoelectric System Design and Ice Shedding Prediction
  • 3.3. Piezoelectric IPS Sizing and Parameters Assessment
  • 4. Experimental Validation
  • 4.1. First WT Test Campaign
  • 4.2. Second WT Test Campaign
  • 5. Conclusions
  • Acknowledgment
  • References
  • Further Reading
  • ch.
  • 27 Helicopter Vibration Reduction
  • 1. Introduction
  • 2. NextGen Vibration Levels
  • 3. Vibration Specifications
  • 4. Source of Helicopter Vibratory Loads
  • 5. How Do Vibratory Loads Get Into the Fuselage?
  • 6. What Is Used for Vibration Control Now?
  • 6.1. Why Not Isolation?
  • 6.2. Venerable Frahm
  • 6.3. Fuselage-Based Frahms
  • 6.4. Rotor-Based Frahms
  • 6.5. Frahms Are Heavy
  • 6.6. Active Vibration Control
  • 6.7. Dynamic Antiresonant Vibration Isolator
  • 7. More Problems With Frahms
  • 8. Active Counter-Force
  • 8.1. Higher Harmonic Control
  • 9. Individual Blade Control
  • 9.1. Hydraulic IBC
  • 9.2. Electrical IBC
  • 9.3. On-Blade Flaps
  • 10. Path Forward
  • Acknowledgments
  • References.