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Sustainable energy from salinity gradients /
Salinity gradient energy, also known as blue energy and osmotic energy, is the energy obtainable from the difference in salt concentration between two feed solutions, typically sea water and river water. It is a large-scale renewable resource that can be harvested and converted to electricity. Effic...
| Clasificación: | Libro Electrónico |
|---|---|
| Otros Autores: | , |
| Formato: | Electrónico eBook |
| Idioma: | Inglés |
| Publicado: |
Amsterdam :
Elsevier/Woodhead Publishing,
[2016]
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| Colección: | Woodhead Publishing in energy ;
no. 95. |
| Temas: | |
| Acceso en línea: | Texto completo |
Tabla de Contenidos:
- Front Cover; Sustainable Energy from Salinity Gradients; Copyright; Contents; List of contributors; Preface; Woodhead Publishing Series in Energy; Chapter 1: Salinity gradient energy; 1.1. Some history on salinity gradient energy technologies; 1.2. Theoretical analysis of world potentials for SGE technologies; 1.3. Classification of SGP technologies; 1.4. Outline of chapters; References; Chapter 2: Pressure retarded osmosis: Fundamentals; 2.1. About the osmotic energy; 2.2. Pressure retarded osmosis process; 2.2.1. Different osmotic processes; 2.2.2. Power generation by the PRO process.
- 2.2.3. Mass transfer across the PRO membranes2.2.4. Thermodynamic limits of the PRO process; 2.3. Membranes for PRO; 2.3.1. Fabrication methods for polymeric PRO membranes; 2.3.2. Early PRO studies using reverse osmosis (RO)/nanofiltration (NF) membranes; 2.3.3. PRO performances of the conventional FO membranes; 2.3.4. TFC-PRO flat-sheet membranes; 2.3.5. PRO hollow fibre membranes; 2.3.5.1. Integrally skinned PRO hollow fibre membranes; 2.3.5.2. TFC-PRO hollow fibre membranes; 2.3.6. Laboratory characterizations of the PRO membranes.
- 2.4. Fouling in the PRO process and antifouling PRO membranes2.4.1. Fouling and cleaning in the PRO processes; 2.4.2. Antifouling membranes; 2.5. R & D perspectives; 2.5.1. Membranes; 2.5.2. Spacer design; 2.5.3. Antifouling strategies; 2.5.4. Pilot studies employing realistic feed and high salinity sources; Acknowledgements; References; Chapter 3: Pressure retarded osmosis: Applications; 3.1. Introduction; 3.2. Typical layout of PRO plants; 3.2.1. PRO facility components; 3.3. Feed possibilities of PRO units; 3.3.1. River water-seawater; 3.3.2. Freshwater-RO brine.
- 3.3.3. Closed-loop PRO options3.4. Core aspects in PRO systems; 3.4.1. PRO membranes and membrane modules; 3.4.2. Process performance parameters; 3.5. Practical experiences in PRO piloting; 3.6. Perspectives for R & D and industrial development; References; Chapter 4: Reverse electrodialysis; 4.1. Introduction; 4.1.1. The early years, 1890-2000; 4.1.2. The modern time, 2000-2015; 4.1.2.1. Upscaling the RED process; 4.1.3. New RED-related applications; 4.1.3.1. Capacitive mixing; 4.1.3.2. Integrated systems; 4.1.3.3. Integrated closed systems; 4.1.3.4. Hybrid systems; 4.1.3.5. Nano systems.
- 4.2. Membranes for RED4.2.1. Principle; 4.2.2. Classification; 4.2.2.1. CEM, AEM, bipolar, and mosaic; 4.2.2.2. Strong and weak exchanging groups; 4.2.2.3. Monovalent selective membranes; 4.2.2.4. Special outer membranes; 4.2.2.5. Profiled or corrugated membranes; 4.2.3. Donnan exclusion; 4.2.4. The membrane-solution interface phenomena; 4.2.5. Membrane properties and characterization; 4.2.5.1. Ion exchange capacity; 4.2.5.2. Swelling degree; 4.2.5.3. The electromotive force and permselectivity; 4.2.5.4. Membrane resistance; 4.2.6. Multivalent ions; 4.3. The RED process.