HVDC grids : for offshore and supergrid of the future /

Presents the advantages, challenges, and technologies of High Voltage Direct Current (HVDC) Grids This book discusses HVDC grids based on multi-terminal voltage-source converters (VSC), which is suitable for the connection of offshore wind farms and a possible solution for a continent wide overlay g...

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Detalles Bibliográficos
Clasificación:Libro Electrónico
Otros Autores: Hertem, Dirk van (Editor ), Gomis-Bellmunt, Oriol (Editor ), Liang, Jun (Editor )
Formato: Electrónico eBook
Idioma:Inglés
Publicado: [Piscataway, NJ] : Hoboken, New Jersey : IEEE Press ; Wiley, [2016]
Colección:IEEE Press series on power engineering.
Temas:
Electric power systems.
Electrical engineering.
Réseaux électriques (Énergie)
Génie électrique.
electrical engineering.
TECHNOLOGY & ENGINEERING > Mechanical.
Electric power systems
Electrical engineering
Acceso en línea:Texto completo
Tabla de Contenidos:
  • Machine-generated contents note: ch. 1 Drivers For The Development Of HVDC Grids
  • 1.1. Introduction / Dirk Van Hertem
  • 1.2. From the Vertically-Integrated Industry to Fast Moving Liberalized Market / Dirk Van Hertem
  • 1.2.1. Brief History of the Transmission System Before Liberalization / Dirk Van Hertem
  • 1.3. Drivers for Change / Dirk Van Hertem
  • 1.3.1. Liberalized Energy Market / Dirk Van Hertem
  • 1.3.2. More Renewables in the Energy Mix / Dirk Van Hertem
  • 1.4. Investments in the Grid / Dirk Van Hertem
  • 1.4.1. Why Investments Are Needed in the Transmission System / Dirk Van Hertem
  • 1.4.2. Difficulties with New Transmission Lines / Dirk Van Hertem
  • 1.4.3. Available Investments Technologies / Dirk Van Hertem
  • 1.4.4. HVDC Technology / Dirk Van Hertem
  • 1.5. Towards HVDC Grids / Dirk Van Hertem
  • 1.5.1. Transmission Technology / Dirk Van Hertem
  • 1.5.2. Why Not AC? / Dirk Van Hertem
  • 1.5.3. HVDC Grids as a Supergrid / Dirk Van Hertem
  • 1.6. Conclusions / Dirk Van Hertem
  • References / Dirk Van Hertem
  • ch. 2 Energy Scenarios: Projections On Europe's Future Generation And Load / Dirk Van Hertem
  • 2.1. Introduction / Cedric De Jonghe / Erik Delarue
  • 2.2. System Setting / Cedric De Jonghe / Erik Delarue
  • 2.2.1. Supply / Cedric De Jonghe / Erik Delarue
  • 2.2.2. Demand / Cedric De Jonghe / Erik Delarue
  • 2.2.3. Matching Supply and Demand / Cedric De Jonghe / Erik Delarue
  • 2.2.4. European Energy Policy / Cedric De Jonghe / Erik Delarue
  • 2.3. Scenarios for Europe's Energy Provision / Cedric De Jonghe / Erik Delarue
  • 2.3.1. The Role of Defining Scenarios / Cedric De Jonghe / Erik Delarue
  • 2.3.2. Supply Side / Cedric De Jonghe / Erik Delarue
  • 2.3.3. Demand Side / Cedric De Jonghe / Erik Delarue
  • 2.3.4. Implications Towards the Grid / Cedric De Jonghe / Erik Delarue
  • 2.3.5. International Cooperation and Market Perspective / Cedric De Jonghe / Erik Delarue
  • 2.4. Conclusions / Cedric De Jonghe / Erik Delarue
  • References / Cedric De Jonghe / Erik Delarue
  • ch. 3 HVDC Technology Overview / Cedric De Jonghe / Erik Delarue
  • 3.1. Introduction / Gen Li / Dirk Van Hertem / Chuanyue Li
  • 3.2. LCC-HVDC Systems / Dirk Van Hertem / Chuanyue Li / Gen Li
  • 3.2.1. Configurations / Gen Li / Dirk Van Hertem / Chuanyue Li
  • 3.2.2. Reactive Power Properties of LCC HVDC / Gen Li / Dirk Van Hertem / Chuanyue Li
  • 3.3. LCC-HVDC Converter Station Technology / Gen Li / Dirk Van Hertem / Chuanyue Li
  • 3.3.1. Converter Station / Gen Li / Dirk Van Hertem / Chuanyue Li
  • 3.3.2. Transformers / Gen Li / Dirk Van Hertem / Chuanyue Li
  • 3.3.3. Filters and Reactive Compensation / Gen Li / Dirk Van Hertem / Chuanyue Li
  • 3.3.4. Other Required Components / Gen Li / Dirk Van Hertem / Chuanyue Li
  • 3.4. VSC-HVDC Systems / Gen Li / Dirk Van Hertem / Chuanyue Li
  • 3.5. VSC-HVDC Converter Station Technology / Gen Li / Dirk Van Hertem / Chuanyue Li
  • 3.5.1. Converter Configurations / Gen Li / Chuanyue Li / Dirk Van Hertem
  • 3.5.2. Switching Components / Gen Li / Dirk Van Hertem / Chuanyue Li
  • 3.5.3. AC Filters / Gen Li / Dirk Van Hertem / Chuanyue Li
  • 3.5.4. Transformers / Gen Li / Dirk Van Hertem / Chuanyue Li
  • 3.5.5. AC Phase Reactor and Arm Inductor in a Multilevel Converter / Gen Li / Dirk Van Hertem / Chuanyue Li
  • 3.5.6. DC Capacitors / Gen Li / Dirk Van Hertem / Chuanyue Li
  • 3.5.7. DC Chopper / Gen Li / Dirk Van Hertem / Chuanyue Li
  • 3.5.8. HVDC Switchgear / Gen Li / Dirk Van Hertem / Chuanyue Li
  • 3.6. Transmission Lines / Gen Li / Dirk Van Hertem / Chuanyue Li
  • 3.6.1. HVDC Overhead Lines / Gen Li / Dirk Van Hertem / Chuanyue Li
  • 3.6.2. HVDC Cables / Gen Li / Dirk Van Hertem / Chuanyue Li
  • 3.7. Conclusions / Gen Li / Dirk Van Hertem / Chuanyue Li
  • References / Gen Li / Dirk Van Hertem / Chuanyue Li
  • ch. 4 Comparison Of HVAC And HVDC Technologies / Gen Li / Dirk Van Hertem / Chuanyue Li
  • 4.1. Introduction / Dirk Van Hertem / Hakan Ergun
  • 4.2. Current Technology Limits / Dirk Van Hertem / Hakan Ergun
  • 4.2.1. Onshore Equipment / Dirk Van Hertem / Hakan Ergun
  • 4.2.2. Offshore Equipment / Dirk Van Hertem / Hakan Ergun
  • 4.2.3. Current Ratings for HVDC Technology / Dirk Van Hertem / Hakan Ergun
  • 4.3. Technical Comparison / Dirk Van Hertem / Hakan Ergun
  • 4.3.1. Charging Currents
  • Transmission Distance / Dirk Van Hertem / Hakan Ergun
  • 4.3.2. Asynchronous Networks / Dirk Van Hertem / Hakan Ergun
  • 4.3.3. Power Flow Control Capability / Dirk Van Hertem / Hakan Ergun
  • 4.3.4. Voltage Support / Dirk Van Hertem / Hakan Ergun
  • 4.3.5. Dynamic System Performance / Dirk Van Hertem / Hakan Ergun
  • 4.3.6. Stability Limits / Dirk Van Hertem / Hakan Ergun
  • 4.3.7. Right-of-Way / Dirk Van Hertem / Hakan Ergun
  • 4.3.8. Black Start Capability / Dirk Van Hertem / Hakan Ergun
  • 4.3.9. Electromagnetic Fields / Dirk Van Hertem / Hakan Ergun
  • 4.3.10. Insulation Requirements / Dirk Van Hertem / Hakan Ergun
  • 4.3.11. Reliability / Dirk Van Hertem / Hakan Ergun
  • 4.4. Economic Comparison / Dirk Van Hertem / Hakan Ergun
  • 4.4.1. Onshore Transmission / Dirk Van Hertem / Hakan Ergun
  • 4.4.2. Offshore Transmission / Dirk Van Hertem / Hakan Ergun
  • 4.4.3. AC Transmission Losses / Dirk Van Hertem / Hakan Ergun
  • 4.4.4. DC Transmission Losses / Dirk Van Hertem / Hakan Ergun
  • 4.4.5. Comparison of AC and DC Equipment Losses / Dirk Van Hertem / Hakan Ergun
  • 4.5. Conclusions / Dirk Van Hertem / Hakan Ergun
  • References / Dirk Van Hertem / Hakan Ergun
  • ch. 5 Wind Turbine Technologies / Dirk Van Hertem / Hakan Ergun
  • 5.1. Introduction / Oriol Gomis-Bellmunt / Eduardo Prieto-Araujo
  • 5.2. Parts of the Wind Turbine / Oriol Gomis-Bellmunt / Eduardo Prieto-Araujo
  • 5.3. Wind Turbine Types / Oriol Gomis-Bellmunt / Eduardo Prieto-Araujo
  • 5.3.1. Fixed-Speed Wind Turbines / Oriol Gomis-Bellmunt / Eduardo Prieto-Araujo
  • 5.3.2. Limited Variable-Speed Wind Turbines / Oriol Gomis-Bellmunt / Eduardo Prieto-Araujo
  • 5.3.3. Variable Speed with Partial-Scale Converter Wind Turbines / Eduardo Prieto-Araujo / Oriol Gomis-Bellmunt
  • 5.3.4. Variable Speed with Full-Scale Converter Wind Turbines / Eduardo Prieto-Araujo / Oriol Gomis-Bellmunt
  • 5.4. Conclusions / Eduardo Prieto-Araujo / Oriol Gomis-Bellmunt
  • References / Eduardo Prieto-Araujo / Oriol Gomis-Bellmunt
  • ch. 6 Offshore Wind Power Plants (OWPPS) / Eduardo Prieto-Araujo / Oriol Gomis-Bellmunt
  • 6.1. Introduction / Mikel De Prada-Gil / Jose Luis Dominguez-Garcia / Francisco Diaz-González / Andreas Sumper
  • 6.2. AC OWPPs / Mikel De Prada-Gil / Jose Luis Dominguez-Garcia / Francisco Diaz-González / Andreas Sumper
  • 6.2.1. Topologies Overview of Offshore Wind Power Plant / Mikel De Prada-Gil / Jose Luis Dominguez-Garcia / Francisco Diaz-González / Andreas Sumper
  • 6.2.2. Wind Power Plant Components / Mikel De Prada-Gil / Jose Luis Dominguez-Garcia / Francisco Diaz-González / Andreas Sumper
  • 6.2.3. Protections and Grounding of Offshore Collector Grids / Mikel De Prada-Gil / Jose Luis Dominguez-Garcia / Francisco Diaz-González / Andreas Sumper
  • 6.2.4. Offshore Wind Power Plant Electrical Design / Mikel De Prada-Gil / Jose Luis Dominguez-Garcia / Francisco Diaz-González / Andreas Sumper
  • 6.3. DC OWPPs / Mikel De Prada-Gil / Jose Luis Dominguez-Garcia / Francisco Diaz-González / Andreas Sumper
  • 6.3.1. Topologies Overview / Mikel De Prada-Gil / Jose Luis Dominguez-Garcia / Francisco Diaz-González / Andreas Sumper
  • 6.3.2. Technology Development Needed / Mikel De Prada-Gil / Jose Luis Dominguez-Garcia / Francisco Diaz-González / Andreas Sumper
  • 6.4. Other OWPPs Proposals / Mikel De Prada-Gil / Jose Luis Dominguez-Garcia / Francisco Diaz-González / Andreas Sumper
  • 6.5. Conclusions / Mikel De Prada-Gil / Jose Luis Dominguez-Garcia / Francisco Diaz-González / Andreas Sumper
  • References / Mikel De Prada-Gil / Jose Luis Dominguez-Garcia / Francisco Diaz-González / Andreas Sumper
  • ch.
  • 7 HVDC Grid Planning / Francisco Diaz-González / Andreas Sumper / Mikel De Prada-Gil / Jose Luis Dominguez-Garcia
  • 7.1. Context of Transmission System Planning / Hakan Ergun / Dirk Van Hertem
  • 7.1.1. Functionality of Grids / Hakan Ergun / Dirk Van Hertem
  • 7.1.2. The Four W's of the Transmission Expansion Problem / Hakan Ergun / Dirk Van Hertem
  • 7.1.3. Where to Invest? / Hakan Ergun / Dirk Van Hertem
  • 7.1.4. What Type of Investment? / Hakan Ergun / Dirk Van Hertem
  • 7.1.5. When to Invest? / Hakan Ergun / Dirk Van Hertem
  • 7.1.6. Who Pays for the Investment? / Hakan Ergun / Dirk Van Hertem
  • 7.1.7. Other Influential Factors / Hakan Ergun / Dirk Van Hertem
  • 7.1.8. Transmission Grid Planning in the Liberalized Electricity Market / Hakan Ergun / Dirk Van Hertem
  • 7.1.9. Cross-Border Investments
  • The Investment Paradox / Hakan Ergun / Dirk Van Hertem
  • 7.2. Transmission Expansion Optimization Methodologies / Hakan Ergun / Dirk Van Hertem
  • 7.2.1. Classification by Solution Method / Hakan Ergun / Dirk Van Hertem
  • 7.2.2. Classification by Planning Horizon / Hakan Ergun / Dirk Van Hertem
  • 7.2.3. Classification by Power System Structure / Hakan Ergun / Dirk Van Hertem
  • 7.2.4. Deterministic versus Non-deterministic Expansion Problems / Hakan Ergun / Dirk Van Hertem.
  • Note continued: 13.4.5. DC Network Power Flow / Jef Beerten
  • 13.4.6. DC Slack Bus and Droop Buses Iteration / Jef Beerten
  • 13.5. Software Implementation / Jef Beerten
  • 13.6. Test Case / Jef Beerten
  • 13.7. Conclusions / Jef Beerten
  • References / Jef Beerten
  • ch. 14 Optimal Power Flow Modelling Of Hybrid AC/DC Systems / Jef Beerten
  • 14.1. Introduction / Johan Rimez
  • 14.2. Optimal Power Flow: Standard Formulation and Extension / Johan Rimez
  • 14.2.1. Standard AC Formulation and Convergence / Johan Rimez
  • 14.2.2. Extending the Formulation / Johan Rimez
  • 14.3. Optimal Power Flow with DC Grids and Converters / Johan Rimez
  • 14.3.1. General Approach and State-of-the-Art / Johan Rimez
  • 14.3.2. Modelling VSC-HVDC Converters / Johan Rimez
  • 14.3.3. Modelling DC Branches and Grid Topology / Johan Rimez
  • 14.3.4. Inequality Constraints for the DC Network / Johan Rimez
  • 14.3.5. Simulation Results / Johan Rimez
  • 14.4. Adding Security Constraints / Johan Rimez
  • 14.4.1. Preventive Measures / Johan Rimez
  • 14.4.2. Curative Measures / Johan Rimez
  • 14.4.3. Multistage Decisions / Johan Rimez
  • 14.4.4. Implemented Approach / Johan Rimez
  • 14.4.5. Mathematical Interpretation / Johan Rimez
  • 14.4.6. Security Constraints Combined with DC Networks / Johan Rimez
  • 14.4.7. Simulation Results for the Security-Constrained Optimal Power Flow / Johan Rimez
  • 14.5. Conclusions / Johan Rimez
  • References / Johan Rimez
  • ch. 15 Control Principles Of HVDC Grids / Johan Rimez
  • 15.1. Introduction / Jef Beerten / Til Kristian Vrana / Agusti Egea
  • 15.2. Basic Control Principles / Jef Beerten / Til Kristian Vrana / Agusti Egea
  • 15.2.1. Current-Based Control / Jef Beerten / Til Kristian Vrana / Agusti Egea
  • 15.2.2. Power-Based Control / Jef Beerten / Til Kristian Vrana / Agusti Egea
  • 15.2.3. Converter and System Limits / Til Kristian Vrana / Agusti Egea / Jef Beerten
  • 15.3. Basic Converter Control Strategies / Jef Beerten / Til Kristian Vrana / Agusti Egea
  • 15.3.1. Voltage Droop Control (Positive Droop Constant) / Jef Beerten / Til Kristian Vrana / Agusti Egea
  • 15.3.2. Constant Current/Power Control (Infinite Droop Constant) / Jef Beerten / Til Kristian Vrana / Agusti Egea
  • 15.3.3. Constant Voltage Control (Zero Droop Constant) / Jef Beerten / Til Kristian Vrana / Agusti Egea
  • 15.4. Advanced Converter Control Strategies / Jef Beerten / Til Kristian Vrana / Agusti Egea
  • 15.4.1. Voltage Margin Control / Jef Beerten / Til Kristian Vrana / Agusti Egea
  • 15.4.2. Deadband Droop Control / Jef Beerten / Til Kristian Vrana / Agusti Egea
  • 15.4.3. Undead-Band Droop Control / Jef Beerten / Til Kristian Vrana / Agusti Egea
  • 15.5. Basic Grid Control Strategies / Jef Beerten / Til Kristian Vrana / Agusti Egea
  • 15.5.1. Centralized Voltage Control / Jef Beerten / Til Kristian Vrana / Agusti Egea
  • 15.5.2. Distributed Voltage Control / Jef Beerten / Til Kristian Vrana / Agusti Egea
  • 15.6. Advanced Grid Control Strategies / Jef Beerten / Til Kristian Vrana / Agusti Egea
  • 15.6.1. Centralized Voltage Control with Centralized Backup / Jef Beerten / Til Kristian Vrana / Agusti Egea
  • 15.6.2. Centralized Voltage Control with Distributed Backup / Jef Beerten / Til Kristian Vrana / Agusti Egea
  • 15.6.3. Distributed Voltage Control with Distributed Backup / Jef Beerten / Til Kristian Vrana / Agusti Egea
  • 15.7. Converter Inner Current Control / Jef Beerten / Til Kristian Vrana / Agusti Egea
  • 15.7.1. Current Control Reference Calculations / Jef Beerten / Til Kristian Vrana / Agusti Egea
  • 15.8. System Power Flow Control / Jef Beerten / Til Kristian Vrana / Agusti Egea
  • 15.8.1. AC System Power Flow Control / Jef Beerten / Til Kristian Vrana / Agusti Egea
  • 15.8.2. Hybrid AC/DC System Power Flow Control / Jef Beerten / Til Kristian Vrana / Agusti Egea
  • 15.9. Conclusions / Jef Beerten / Agusti Egea / Til Kristian Vrana
  • References / Jef Beerten / Til Kristian Vrana / Agusti Egea
  • ch. 16 State-Space Representation Of HVDC Grids / Jef Beerten / Til Kristian Vrana / Agusti Egea
  • 16.1. Introduction / Fernando Bianchi / Eduardo Prieto-Araujo
  • 16.2. Multi-Terminal Grid Modelling / Fernando Bianchi / Eduardo Prieto-Araujo
  • 16.2.1. Grid Structure / Fernando Bianchi / Eduardo Prieto-Araujo
  • 16.2.2. AC Systems Connected to the HVDC Grid / Fernando Bianchi / Eduardo Prieto-Araujo
  • 16.2.3. Branches / Fernando Bianchi / Eduardo Prieto-Araujo
  • 16.2.4. Intermediate Nodes / Fernando Bianchi / Eduardo Prieto-Araujo
  • 16.2.5. Equivalent Circuit Model / Fernando Bianchi / Eduardo Prieto-Araujo
  • 16.2.6. State-Space Representation / Fernando Bianchi / Eduardo Prieto-Araujo
  • 16.3. Four-Terminal Grid Example / Fernando Bianchi / Eduardo Prieto-Araujo
  • 16.3.1. Case 1: Droop Voltage Control in the AC Grid Side / Fernando Bianchi / Eduardo Prieto-Araujo
  • 16.3.2. Case 2: Droop Voltage Control in the Wind Farm Side / Fernando Bianchi / Eduardo Prieto-Araujo
  • 16.4. Conclusions / Fernando Bianchi / Eduardo Prieto-Araujo
  • References / Fernando Bianchi / Eduardo Prieto-Araujo
  • ch. 17 DC Fault Phenomena And DC Grid Protection / Fernando Bianchi / Eduardo Prieto-Araujo
  • 17.1. Introduction / Dirk Van Hertem / Willem Leterme
  • 17.2. Short-Circuit Faults in the DC Grid / Dirk Van Hertem / Willem Leterme
  • 17.2.1. Sequence of Events of a DC Short-Circuit Fault / Dirk Van Hertem / Willem Leterme
  • 17.2.2. Steady-State DC Fault Behaviour / Dirk Van Hertem / Willem Leterme
  • 17.2.3. Transient DC Fault Phenomena / Dirk Van Hertem / Willem Leterme
  • 17.3. DC Grid Protection / Dirk Van Hertem / Willem Leterme
  • 17.3.1. Objectives of Protection / Dirk Van Hertem / Willem Leterme
  • 17.3.2. Differences With AC Protection / Dirk Van Hertem / Willem Leterme
  • 17.3.3. Protection Methodologies / Dirk Van Hertem / Willem Leterme
  • 17.3.4. Relaying for DC Grids / Dirk Van Hertem / Willem Leterme
  • 17.4. DC Protection Components / Dirk Van Hertem / Willem Leterme
  • 17.4.1. DC Breakers / Dirk Van Hertem / Willem Leterme
  • 17.4.2. Measurement Equipment / Dirk Van Hertem / Willem Leterme
  • 17.5. Conclusions / Dirk Van Hertem / Willem Leterme
  • References / Dirk Van Hertem / Willem Leterme
  • ch. 18 Real-Time Simulation Experiments Of DC Grids / Dirk Van Hertem / Willem Leterme
  • 18.1. Introduction / Marc Cheah / Oluwole Daniel Adeuyi
  • 18.1.1. Benefits of Real-Time Simulation / Marc Cheah / Oluwole Daniel Adeuyi
  • 18.1.2. Benefits of Experimental Investigations / Marc Cheah / Oluwole Daniel Adeuyi
  • 18.1.3. A Hardware-in-the-Loop (HIL) Test System / Marc Cheah / Oluwole Daniel Adeuyi
  • 18.2. Real-Time Simulation in Power Systems / Oluwole Daniel Adeuyi / Marc Cheah
  • 18.2.1. Basic Architecture and Specifications / Marc Cheah / Oluwole Daniel Adeuyi
  • 18.2.2. Operation and Control of RTS / Marc Cheah / Oluwole Daniel Adeuyi
  • 18.2.3. Modelling of Power Electronic Converters in RTS / Marc Cheah / Oluwole Daniel Adeuyi
  • 18.3. Design of Experimental Test Rig / Marc Cheah / Oluwole Daniel Adeuyi
  • 18.3.1. DC Grid-Scaling Methods / Marc Cheah / Oluwole Daniel Adeuyi
  • 18.3.2. Instrumentation and Control Layout / Marc Cheah / Oluwole Daniel Adeuyi
  • 18.4. Potential Applications of HIL Tests in DC Grids / Marc Cheah / Oluwole Daniel Adeuyi
  • 18.4.1. Subsynchronous Resonance (SSR) Studies / Marc Cheah / Oluwole Daniel Adeuyi
  • 18.4.2. DC Grid Protection / Marc Cheah / Oluwole Daniel Adeuyi
  • 18.4.3. Integration of Offshore Wind Power / Marc Cheah / Oluwole Daniel Adeuyi
  • 18.4.4. Converter Architecture and Design / Marc Cheah / Oluwole Daniel Adeuyi
  • References / Marc Cheah / Oluwole Daniel Adeuyi
  • ch. 19 Power System Oscillation Damping By Means Of VSC-HVDC Systems / Marc Cheah / Oluwole Daniel Adeuyi
  • 19.1. Introduction / Carlos E. Ugalde-Loo / José Luis Dominguez-Garcia
  • 19.2. Power System Stability / Carlos E. Ugalde-Loo / José Luis Dominguez-Garcia
  • 19.2.1. Low-Frequency Oscillations / Carlos E.
  • Ugalde-Loo / José Luis Dominguez-Garcia
  • 19.2.2. Subsynchronous Resonance / Carlos E. Ugalde-Loo / José Luis Dominguez-Garcia
  • 19.3. VSC-HVDC Systems Damping Contribution: Application Examples / Carlos E. Ugalde-Loo / José Luis Dominguez-Garcia
  • 19.3.1. Power System Stabilizers for Offshore Wind Power Plants Connected by Means of a VSC-HVDC System / Carlos E. Ugalde-Loo / José Luis Dominguez-Garcia
  • 19.3.2. Damping of SSR Using VSC-HVDC Links / Carlos E. Ugalde-Loo / José Luis Dominguez-Garcia
  • 19.4. Conclusions / Carlos E. Ugalde-Loo / José Luis Dominguez-Garcia
  • References / Carlos E. Ugalde-Loo / José Luis Dominguez-Garcia
  • ch. 20 Optimal Droop Control Of Multi-Terminal VSC-HVDC Grids / Carlos E. Ugalde-Loo / José Luis Dominguez-Garcia
  • 20.1. Introduction / Eduardo Prieto-Araujo / Fernando D. Bianchi
  • 20.2. Control of Multi-Terminal VSC-HVDC Grids / Eduardo Prieto-Araujo / Fernando D. Bianchi
  • 20.3. Time-Varying Description for Droop Control Design / Eduardo Prieto-Araujo / Fernando D. Bianchi
  • 20.4. Design of Optimal Control Droops / Eduardo Prieto-Araujo / Fernando D. Bianchi
  • 20.5. Four-Terminal VSC-HVDC Network Example / Eduardo Prieto-Araujo / Fernando D. Bianchi
  • 20.6. Conclusions / Eduardo Prieto-Araujo / Fernando D. Bianchi
  • References / Eduardo Prieto-Araujo / Fernando D. Bianchi.
  • Note continued: ch. 21 DC Grid Power Flow Control Devices / Eduardo Prieto-Araujo / Fernando D. Bianchi
  • 21.1. DC Power Flow Control Devices (DCPFC) / Chunmei Feng / Qing Mu / Sheng Wang
  • 21.1.1. DC Transformer / Chunmei Feng / Qing Mu / Sheng Wang
  • 21.1.2. Variable Series Resistor (VSR) / Chunmei Feng / Qing Mu / Sheng Wang
  • 21.1.3. Series Voltage Source (SVS) / Chunmei Feng / Qing Mu / Sheng Wang
  • 21.2. Generic Modelling of DC Power Flow Control Devices / Chunmei Feng / Qing Mu / Sheng Wang
  • 21.3. Sensitivity Analysis of DCPFC in DC Grid / Chunmei Feng / Qing Mu / Sheng Wang
  • 21.4. Case Study of Power Flow Control Devices in DC Grids / Chunmei Feng / Qing Mu / Sheng Wang
  • 21.4.1. System Topology / Chunmei Feng / Qing Mu / Sheng Wang
  • 21.4.2. Test Conditions / Chunmei Feng / Qing Mu / Sheng Wang
  • 21.4.3. Simulation Results / Chunmei Feng / Qing Mu / Sheng Wang
  • 21.5. Control Sensitivity of DCPFC in DC Grids / Chunmei Feng / Qing Mu / Sheng Wang
  • 21.5.1. Test System / Chunmei Feng / Qing Mu / Sheng Wang
  • 21.5.2. Test Results / Chunmei Feng / Qing Mu / Sheng Wang
  • 21.6. Comparison of Power Control Devices / Chunmei Feng / Qing Mu / Sheng Wang
  • 21.7. Conclusions / Chunmei Feng / Qing Mu / Sheng Wang
  • References / Chunmei Feng / Qing Mu / Sheng Wang
  • ch. 22 Modelling And Control Of Offshore AC Hub / Chunmei Feng / Qing Mu / Sheng Wang
  • 22.1. Reasons for Developing AC Hub / Jun Liang / Xiaobo Hu / Jose Luis Dominguez-Garcia
  • 22.2. What is the AC Hub? / Xiaobo Hu / Jose Luis Dominguez-Garcia / Jun Liang
  • 22.3. Frequency-Dependent Modelling of AC Hub Components / Xiaobo Hu / Jose Luis Dominguez-Garcia / Jun Liang
  • 22.3.1. Cables / Xiaobo Hu / Jose Luis Dominguez-Garcia / Jun Liang
  • 22.3.2. Transformer Design / Xiaobo Hu / Jose Luis Dominguez-Garcia / Jun Liang
  • 22.3.3. Reactive Power Compensation / Xiaobo Hu / Jose Luis Dominguez-Garcia / Jun Liang
  • 22.3.4. Offshore Substation Platform / Xiaobo Hu / Jose Luis Dominguez-Garcia / Jun Liang
  • 22.3.5. Evaluation of Costs for an AC Hub: Dogger Bank Tranche: A Case / Xiaobo Hu / Jose Luis Dominguez-Garcia / Jun Liang
  • 22.4. AC Hub Control Using Variable Frequency / Xiaobo Hu / Jose Luis Dominguez-Garcia / Jun Liang
  • 22.4.1. Control System Design / Xiaobo Hu / Jose Luis Dominguez-Garcia / Jun Liang
  • 22.4.2. Case Study / Xiaobo Hu / Jose Luis Dominguez-Garcia / Jun Liang
  • 22.5. Conclusions / Xiaobo Hu / Jose Luis Dominguez-Garcia / Jun Liang
  • References / Xiaobo Hu / Jose Luis Dominguez-Garcia / Jun Liang.

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