Pharmaceuticals in the environment /

Medicines play an important role in the treatment and prevention of disease in humans and animals, but residues from these medicines can be released into the environment through a number of routes during their manufacture, use and disposal. It is only recently that the potential environmental impact...

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Detalles Bibliográficos
Clasificación:Libro Electrónico
Otros Autores: Hester, R. E. (Ronald E.) (Editor ), Harrison, Roy M., 1948- (Editor )
Formato: Electrónico eBook
Idioma:Inglés
Publicado: [Cambridge] : Royal Society of Chemistry, [2015]
Colección:Issues in environmental science and technology.
Temas:
Drugs > Environmental aspects.
Pharmaceutical chemistry.
Chemistry, Pharmaceutical
Médicaments > Aspect de l'environnement.
Chimie pharmaceutique.
Impact of science & technology on society.
Pollution & threats to the environment.
SCIENCE > Environmental Science (see also Chemistry > Environmental)
Pharmaceutical chemistry
Acceso en línea:Texto completo
Tabla de Contenidos:
  • The Pharmaceutical Industry and the Future of Drug Development
  • Distribution of Pharmaceutical Residues in the Environment
  • Pharmaceuticals in the Marine Environment
  • Sources of Residues in the Environment and their Control
  • Persistence of Pharmaceutical Residues both in Sewage Treatment Works and the Receiving Environment
  • Ecotoxicology, Environmental Risk Assessment and Potential Impact on Human Health
  • Impacts of Pharmaceuticals on Terrestrial Wildlife
  • Veterinary Pharmaceuticals.
  • Machine generated contents note: The Pharmaceutical Industry and the Future of Drug Development / David Taylor
  • 1. Introduction
  • 1.1. Historical Background
  • 1.2. What is a Pharmaceutical?
  • 1.3. Environmental Impact
  • 2. The Pharmaceutical Industries
  • 3. Research, Discovery and Development
  • 3.1. Pre-clinical Trials
  • 3.2. Clinical Trials
  • 3.3. Environmental Issues
  • 4.Commercial Realities
  • 4.1. Problems with Patents
  • 4.2. Maintaining a Viable Business
  • 4.3. Access to Medicines
  • 5. The Pharmaceutical Industry in the Future
  • 5.1.Commercial Pressures
  • 5.2. Environmental Challenges
  • 6. Conclusions
  • References
  • Distribution of Pharmaceutical Residues in the Environment / Vince D'Aco
  • 1. Introduction
  • 2. Occurrence of Pharmaceuticals
  • 3. Reviews of Pharmaceutical Products
  • 4. Measured Concentrations
  • 5. Modelling to Complement and Extend the Utility of Field Programs
  • 5.1. Measure or Model?
  • 5.2. Estimates of API Consumption for Use in Modelling Analysis.
  • Note continued: 5.3. Modelling for Design of Field Surveys
  • 5.4. Elucidating Fate and Transport Mechanisms
  • 5.5. Critical Evaluation of Measured Concentrations
  • 5.6. Modelling to Support Human Health and Environmental Risk Assessments
  • 5.7. Models to Evaluate Potential Impacts of Natural and Synthetic Estrogens
  • 5.8. Using Models to Evaluate Mitigation Strategies
  • 6. Conclusion
  • References
  • Pharmaceuticals in the Marine Environment / Thomas H. Hutchinson
  • 1. Introduction
  • 2. Key Sources of Pharmaceuticals Entering the Marine Environment
  • 2.1. Human Pharmaceuticals and Illicit Drugs
  • 2.2. Veterinary Medicines
  • 2.3. Environmental Fate of PhACs in Marine Environments
  • 2.4. Concentrations of PhACs Measured in the Marine Environment
  • 2.5. Impacts on Marine Organisms
  • 2.6. Human Health Concerns
  • 3. Conclusions
  • References
  • Sources of Pharmaceutical Residues in the Environment and their Control / Daniel J. Caldwell
  • 1. Introduction and Overview.
  • Note continued: 2. Pathways of Exposure
  • 3. Patient Consumption and Excretion
  • 3.1. Human Excretion
  • 3.2. APIs Excreted into the Sewage System Undergo Wastewater Treatment
  • 4. Emissions from Pharmaceutical Manufacturing
  • 5. Unused Medicines and their Disposal
  • 5.1. Disposal in Municipal Solid Waste
  • 6. Wastewater Treatment
  • 7. Hospitals
  • 8. Minor Pathways
  • 8.1. Exposure through the Consumption of Foods
  • 8.2. Exposure through Water Consumption
  • 9. Conclusions
  • References
  • Pharmaceutical Residues in Sewage Treatment Works and their Fate in the Receiving Environment / Paola Verlicchi
  • 1. Introduction
  • 2. Pharmaceuticals in Municipal Wastewaters
  • 2.1. Occurrence in Municipal Sewage
  • 2.2. The Fate and Behaviour of Pharmaceuticals in Sewage Works
  • 2.3. Removal of Pharmaceuticals during Conventional Wastewater Treatment
  • 2.4. Occurrence in Sewage Sludge
  • 3. Need for Advanced Treatment and Sustainability Implications.
  • Note continued: 4. Pharmaceuticals in Receiving Waters
  • 4.1. Occurrence
  • 4.2. Fate and Behaviour
  • 5. Significance of Levels of Pharmaceuticals in Waters
  • 6. Discussion
  • 6.1. Recommendations to Reduce Pharmaceutical Inputs
  • 7. Summary
  • References
  • Ecotoxicology, Environmental Risk Assessment and Potential Impact on Human Health / Reinhard Lange
  • 1. Introduction
  • 2. Some Relevant Pharmacology
  • 2.1. Pharmacokinetics
  • 2.2. Pharmacodynamics
  • 3. General Approaches and Data Availability
  • 3.1. Dealing with Data Distributions
  • 3.2. What is a `Safe' Concentration?
  • 3.3. Data Feast and Famine
  • 4. Potential Risks to Humans
  • 4.1. Predicted Environmental Concentrations versus Acceptable Daily Intakes
  • 4.2. Measured Environmental Concentrations versus Acceptable Daily Intakes
  • 4.3. Genotoxicity
  • 4.4. Hormonal Disruption
  • 4.5. Susceptible Sub-populations
  • 4.6. Conclusions on Human Risks
  • 5. Potential Risks to Aquatic Life.
  • Note continued: 5.1. Limitations of Available Ecotoxicity Data
  • 5.2. Predicted Environmental Concentrations versus Predicted No Effect Concentrations
  • 5.3. Measured Environmental Concentrations versus Predicted No Effect Concentrations
  • 5.4. Estrogenic APIs
  • 5.5. Antidepressants
  • 5.6. Plasma Concentration Model
  • 5.7. Conclusions on Risks to Aquatic Life
  • 6. Antibiotics, Clinical Resistance and Potential Risks to Beneficial Microbes
  • References
  • Impacts of Pharmaceuticals on Terrestrial Wildlife / Chad A. Kinney
  • 1. Introduction
  • 1.1.A Global Context
  • 1.2. Scale and Pathways
  • 1.3. Recognised Impacts on Non-target Wildlife
  • 1.4. Aim of this Chapter
  • 2. Pathways, Exposure and Effects in Terrestrial Wildlife
  • 2.1. Pathways, Exposure and Effects Associated with Freshwater Contamination
  • 2.2. Pathways, Exposure and Effects within the Terrestrial Landscape
  • 3. Known Impacts in Terrestrial Wildlife.
  • Note continued: 3.1. Case Study: Non-steroidal Anti-inflammatory Drugs and Avian Scavengers
  • 4. Analytical and Monitoring Approaches and Challenges
  • 4.1. Analytical Tools
  • 4.2. Monitoring Approaches
  • Transformation Products
  • 4.3. Wildlife Exposure: Novel Biomarkers and Endpoints
  • 4.4. Field Monitoring and Sample Matrices
  • 5. Legislative Perspectives
  • 5.1. Case 1: Scavenging Wildlife and Pentobarbital in the US
  • 5.2. Case 2: Veterinary NSAIDs in the EU, South Africa and on the Indian Subcontinent
  • 6. Future Priorities
  • 6.1. Better Quantify Potential Risks for Terrestrial Wildlife
  • 6.2. Improve Risk Assessment for Terrestrial Environments
  • 6.3. Better Understand the Risks Posed by Pharmaceutical Transformation Products
  • 6.4. Develop New Ways of Monitoring Across a Wider Range of Taxa
  • 7. In Conclusion
  • References
  • Veterinary Pharmaceuticals / Silke Hickmann
  • 1. Introduction.
  • Note continued: 2. Legal and Regulatory Demands Concerning Environmental Impact of VMPs in the EU
  • 3. The Impact of VMPs on the Environment
  • 3.1. Emission of VMP Residues Related to Production
  • 3.2. Emission of VMPs Residues Related to Use
  • 3.3. Emission of VMPs Residues Related to Disposal
  • 4. Specific Toxic Effects of VMPs
  • 4.1. Antiparasitics in the Aquatic Environment
  • 4.2. Antimicrobials in Aquatic and Terrestrial Environments
  • 4.3. Antiparasitics for Pasture Animals
  • 4.4. Risks to Vultures and other Necrophagous Bird Populations in the European Union in Connection with the Use of Veterinary Medicines Containing Diclofenac
  • 5. Monitoring and Ecopharmacovigilance
  • References.

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