Head-related transfer function and virtual auditory display /

Detalles Bibliográficos
Clasificación:Libro Electrónico
Autor principal: Xie, Bosun, 1960- (Autor)
Formato: Electrónico eBook
Idioma:Inglés
Publicado: Plantation, Florida : J. Ross Publishing, [2013]
Edición:Second edition.
Temas:
Surround-sound systems.
Auditory perception.
Virtual reality.
Auditory Perception
Virtual Reality
Ambiophonie.
Perception auditive.
Réalité virtuelle.
virtual reality.
TECHNOLOGY & ENGINEERING > Mechanical.
Acceso en línea:Texto completo
Tabla de Contenidos:
  • Machine generated contents note: 1.1. Spatial Coordinate Systems
  • 1.2. The Auditory System and Auditory Filter
  • 1.2.1. The Auditory System and its Function
  • 1.2.2. The Critical Band and Auditory Filter
  • 1.3. Spatial Hearing
  • 1.4. Localization Cues for a Single Sound Source
  • 1.4.1. Interaural Time Difference
  • 1.4.2. Interaural Level Difference
  • 1.4.3. Cone of Confusion and Head Movement
  • 1.4.4. Spectral Cue
  • 1.4.5. Discussion on Directional Localization Cues
  • 1.4.6. Auditory Distance Perception
  • 1.5. Head-Related Transfer Functions
  • 1.6. Summing Localization and Spatial Hearing with Multiple Sources
  • 1.6.1. Summing Localization of Two Sound Sources and the Stereophonic Law of Sine
  • 1.6.2. Summing Localization Law of More Than Two Sound Sources
  • 1.6.3. Time Difference between Sound Sources and the Precedence Effect
  • 1.6.4. Cocktail Party Effect
  • 1.7. Room Acoustics and Spatial Hearing
  • 1.7.1. Sound Fields in Enclosed Spaces.
  • Note continued: 1.7.2. Spatial Hearing in Enclosed Spaces
  • 1.8. Binaural Recording and Virtual Auditory Display
  • 1.8.1. Artificial Head Models
  • 1.8.2. Binaural Recording and Playback System
  • 1.8.3. Virtual Auditory Display
  • 1.8.4.Comparison with Multi-channel Surround Sound
  • 1.9. Summary
  • 2.1. Transfer Function of a Linear-time-invariant System and its Measurement Principle
  • 2.1.1. Continuous-Time LTI System
  • 2.1.2. Discrete-Time LTI System
  • 2.1.3. Excitation Signals
  • 2.2. Principle and Design of HRTF Measurements
  • 2.2.1. Overview
  • 2.2.2. Subjects in HRTF Measurements
  • 2.2.3. Measuring Point and Microphone Position
  • 2.2.4. Measuring Circumstances and Mechanical Devices
  • 2.2.5. Loudspeaker and Amplifier
  • 2.2.6. Signal Generation and Processing
  • 2.2.7. HRTF Equalization
  • 2.2.8. Example of HRTF Measurement
  • 2.2.9. Evaluation of Quality and Errors in HRTF Measurements
  • 2.3. Far-field HRTF Databases.
  • Note continued: 2.4. Some Specific Measurement Methods and Near-field HRTF Measurements
  • 2.4.1. Some Specific HRTF Measurement Methods
  • 2.4.2. Near-field HRTF Measurement
  • 2.5. Summary
  • 3.1. Time- and Frequency-domain Features of HRTFs
  • 3.1.1. Time-domain Features of Head-related Impulse Responses
  • 3.1.2. Frequency-domain Features of HRTFs
  • 3.1.3. Minimum-phase Characteristics of HRTFs
  • 3.2. Interaural Time Difference Analysis
  • 3.2.1. Methods for Evaluating ITD
  • 3.2.2. Calculation Results for ITD
  • 3.3. Interaural Level Difference Analysis
  • 3.4. Spectral Features of HRTFs
  • 3.4.1. Pinna-related Spectral Notches
  • 3.4.2. Torso-related Spectral Cues
  • 3.5. Spatial Symmetry in HRTFs
  • 3.5.1. Front-back Symmetry
  • 3.5.2. Left-right Symmetry
  • 3.5.3. Symmetry of ITD
  • 3.6. Near-field HRTFs and Distance Perception Cues
  • 3.7. HRTFs and Other Issues Related to Binaural Hearing
  • 3.8. Summary
  • 4.1. Spherical Head Model for HRTF Calculation.
  • Note continued: 4.1.1. Determining Far-field HRTFs and their Characteristics on the Basis of a Spherical Head Model
  • 4.1.2. Analysis of Interaural Localization Cues
  • 4.1.3. Influence of Ear Location
  • 4.1.4. Effect of Source Distance
  • 4.1.5. Further Discussion on the Spherical Head Model
  • 4.2. Snowman Model for HRTF Calculation
  • 4.2.1. Basic Concept of the Snowman Model
  • 4.2.2. Results for the HRTFs of the Snowman Model
  • 4.3. Numerical Methods for HRTF Calculation
  • 4.3.1. Boundary Element Method for Acoustic Problems
  • 4.3.2. Calculation of HRTFs by BEM
  • 4.3.3. Results for BEM-based HRTF Calculation
  • 4.3.4. Simplification of Head Shape
  • 4.3.5. Other Numerical Methods for HRTF Calculation
  • 4.4. Summary
  • 5.1. Error Criteria for HRTF Approximation
  • 5.2. HRTF Filter Design: Model and Considerations
  • 5.2.1. Filter Model for Discrete-time Linear-time-invariant System
  • 5.2.2. Basic Principles and Model Selection in HRTF Filter Design.
  • Note continued: 5.2.3. Length and Simplification of Head-related Impulse Responses
  • 5.2.4. HRTF Filter Design Incorporating Auditory Properties
  • 5.3. Methods for HRTF Filter Design
  • 5.3.1. Finite Impulse Response Representation
  • 5.3.2. Infinite Impulse Response Representation by Conventional Methods
  • 5.3.3. Balanced Model Truncation for IIR Filter
  • 5.3.4. HRTF Filter Design Using the Logarithmic Error Criterion
  • 5.3.5.Common-acoustical-pole and Zero Model of HRTFs
  • 5.3.6.Comparison of Results of HRTF Filter Design
  • 5.4. Structure and Implementation of HRTF Filter
  • 5.5. Frequency-warped Filter for HRTFs
  • 5.5.1. Frequency Warping
  • 5.5.2. Frequency-warped Filter for HRTFs
  • 5.6. Summary
  • 6.1. Directional Interpolation of HRTFs
  • 6.1.1. Basic Concept of HRTF Directional Interpolation
  • 6.1.2. Some Common Schemes for HRTF Directional Interpolation
  • 6.1.3. Performance Analysis of HRTF Directional Interpolation.
  • Note continued: 6.1.4. Problems and Improvements of HRTF Directional Interpolation
  • 6.2. Spectral Shape Basis Function Decomposition of HRTFs
  • 6.2.1. Basic Concept of Spectral Shape Basis Function Decomposition
  • 6.2.2. Principal Components Analysis of HRTFs
  • 6.2.3. Discussion of Applying PCA to HRTFs
  • 6.2.4. PCA Results for HRTFs
  • 6.2.5. Directional Interpolation under PCA Decomposition of HRTFs
  • 6.2.6. Subset Selection of HRTFs
  • 6.3. Spatial Basis Function Decomposition of HRTFs
  • 6.3.1. Basic Concept of Spatial Basis Function Decomposition
  • 6.3.2. Azimuthal Fourier Analysis and Sampling Theorem of HRTFs
  • 6.3.3. Analysis of Required Azimuthal Measurements of HRTFs
  • 6.3.4. Spherical Harmonic Function Decomposition of HRTFs
  • 6.3.5. Spatial Principal Components Analysis and Recovery of HRTFs from a Small Set of Measurements
  • 6.4. HRTF Spatial Interpolation and Signal Mixing for Multi-channel Surround Sound.
  • Note continued: 6.4.1. Signal Mixing for Multi-channel Surround Sound
  • 6.4.2. Pairwise Signal Mixing
  • 6.4.3. Sound Field Signal Mixing
  • 6.4.4. Further Discussion on Multi-channel Sound Reproduction
  • 6.5. Simplification of Signal Processing for Binaural Virtual Source Synthesis
  • 6.5.1. Virtual Loudspeaker-based Algolithriis
  • 6.5.2. Basis Function Decomposition-based Algorithms
  • 6.6. Beamforming Model for Synthesizing Binaural-Signals and HRTFs
  • 6.6.1. Spherical Microphone Array for Synthesizing Binaural Signals
  • 6.6.2. Other Array Beamforming Models for Synthazing'Binaural Signals and HRTFs
  • 6.7. Summary
  • 7.1. Anthropometric Measurements and their Correlation with Localization Cues
  • 7.1.1. Anthropometric Measurements
  • 7.1.2. Correlations among Anthropometric Parameters and HRTFs or Localization Cues
  • 7.2. Individualized Interaural Time Difference Model and Customization
  • 7.2.1. Extension of the Spherical Head ITD Model.
  • Note continued: 7.2.2. ITD Model Based on Azimuthal Fourier Analysis
  • 7.3. Anthropometry-based Customization of HRTFs
  • 7.3.1. Anthropometry Matching Method
  • 7.3.2. Frequency Scaling Method
  • 7.3.3. Anthropometry-based Linear Regression Method
  • 7.4. Subjective Selection-based HRTF Customization
  • 7.5. Notes on Individualized HRTF Customization
  • 7.6. Structural Model of HRTFs
  • 7.6.1. Basic Idea and Components of the Structural Model
  • 7.6.2. Discussion and Improvements of the Structural Model
  • 7.7. Summary
  • 8.1. Equalization of the Characteristics of Headphone-to-Ear Canal Transmission
  • 8.1.1. Principle of Headphone Equalization
  • 8.1.2. Free-field and Diffuse-field Equalization
  • 8.2. Repeatability and Individuality of Headphone-to-ear Canal Transfer Functions
  • 8.2.1. Repeatability of HpTF Measurement
  • 8.2.2. Individuality of HpTFs
  • 8.3. Directional Error in Headphone Reproduction.
  • Note continued: 8.4. Externalization and Control of Perceived Virtual Source Distance in Headphone Reproduction
  • 8.4.1. In-head Localization and Externalization
  • 8.4.2. Control of Perceived Virtual Source Distance in Headphone Reproduction
  • 8.5. Summary
  • 9.1. Basic Principle of Binaural Reproduction through Loudspeakers
  • 9.1.1. Binaural Reproduction through a Pair of Frontal Loudspeakers
  • 9.1.2. General Theory for Binaural Reproduction through Loudspeakers
  • 9.2. Head Rotation and Loudspeaker Reproduction
  • 9.2.1. Virtual Source Distribution in Two-front Loudspeaker Reproduction
  • 9.2.2. Transaural Synthesis for'Four-loudspeaker Reproduction
  • 9.2.3. Analysis of Dynamic Localization Cues in Loudspeaker Reproduction
  • 9.2.4. Stability of the Perceived Virtual Source Azimuth against Head Rotation
  • 9.3. Head Translation and Stability of Virtual Sources in Loudspeaker Reproduction
  • 9.3.1. Preliminary Analysis of Head Translation and Stability
  • 9.3.2. Stereo Dipole.
  • Note continued: 9.3.3. Quantitative Analysis of Stability against Head Translation
  • 9.3.4. Linear System Theory for the Stability of Crosstalk Cancellation
  • 9.4. Effects of Mismatched HRTFs and Loudspeaker Pairs
  • 9.4.1. Effect of Mismatched HRTFs
  • 9.4.2. Effect of Mismatched Loudspeaker Pairs
  • 9.5. Coloration and Timbre Equalization in Loudspeaker Reproduction
  • 9.5.1. Coloration and Timbre Equalization Algorithms
  • 9.5.2. Analysis of Timbre Equalization Algorithms
  • 9.6. Some Issues on Signal Processing in Loudspeaker Reproduction
  • 9.6.1. Causality and Stability of a Crosstalk Canceller
  • 9.6.2. Basic Implementation Methods for Signal Processing in Loudspeaker Reproduction
  • 9.6.3. Other Implementation Methods for Signal Processing in Loudspeaker Reproduction
  • 9.6.4. Bandlimited Implementation of Crosstalk Cancellation
  • 9.7. Some Approximate Methods for Solving the Crosstalk Cancellation Matrix.
  • Note continued: 9.7.1. Cost Function Method for Solving the Crosstalk Cancellation Matrix
  • 9.7.2. Adaptive Inverse Filter Scheme for Crosstalk Cancellation
  • 9.8. Summary
  • 10.1. Binaural Reproduction of Stereophonic and Multi-channel Surround Sound through Headphones
  • 10.1.1. Binaural Reproduction of Stereophonic Sound through Headphones
  • 10.1.2. Basic Algorithm for Headphone-based Binaural Reproduction of 5.1-channel Surround Sound
  • 10.1.3. Improved Algorithm for Binaural Reproduction of 5.1-channel Surround Sound through Headphones
  • 10.1.4. Notes on Binaural Reproduction of Multi-channel Surround Sound
  • 10.2. Algorithms for Correcting Nonstandard Stereophonic Loudspeaker Configurations
  • 10.3. Stereophonic Enhancement Algorithms
  • 10.4. Virtual Reproduction of Multi-channel Surround Sound through Loudspeakers'
  • 10.4.1. Virtual Reproduction of 5.1-channel Surround Sound.
  • Note continued: 10.4.2. Improvement of Virtual 5.1-channel Surround Sound Reproduction through Stereophonic Loudspeakers
  • 10.4.3. Virtual 5.1-channel Surround Sound Reproduction through More than Two Loudspeakers
  • 10.4.4. Notes on Virtual Surround Sound
  • 10.5. Summary
  • 11.1. Physics-based Methods for Room Acoustics and Binaural Room Impulse Response Modeling
  • 11.1.1. BRIR and Room Acoustics Modeling
  • 11.1.2. Image-source Methods for Room Acoustics Modeling
  • 11.1.3. Ray-tracing Methods for Room Acoustics Modeling
  • 11.1.4. Other Methods for Room Acoustics Modeling
  • 11.1.5. Source Pirectivity and Air Absorption
  • 11.1.6. Calculation of Binaural Room Impulse Responses
  • 11.2. Artificial Delay and Reverberation Algorithms
  • 11.2.1. Artificial Delay and Discrete Reflection Modeling
  • 11.2.2. Late Reflection Modeling and Plain Reverberation Algorithm
  • 11.2.3. Improvements on Reverberation Algorithm.
  • Note continued: 11.2.4. Application of Delay and Reverberation Algorithms to Virtual Auditory Environments
  • 11.3. Summary
  • 12.1. Basic Structure of Dynamic VAE Systems
  • 12.2. Simulation of Dynamic Auditory Information
  • 12.2.1. Head Tracking and Simulation of Dynamic Auditory Information
  • 12.2.2. Dynamic Information in Free-field Virtual Source Synthesis
  • 12.2.3. Dynamic Information in Room Reflection Modeling
  • 12.2.4. Dynamic Behaviors in Real-time Rendering Systems
  • 12.2.5. Dynamic Crosstalk Cancellation in Loudspeaker Reproduction
  • 12.3. Simulation of Moving Virtual Sources
  • 12.4. Some Examples of Dynamic VAE Systems
  • 12.5. Summary v
  • 13.1. Experimental Conditions for the Psychoacoustic Evaluation of VADs
  • 13.2. Evaluation by Auditory Comparison and Discrimination Experiment
  • 13.2.1. Auditory Comparison and Discrimination Experiment
  • 13.2.2. Results of Auditory Discrimination Experiments
  • 13.3. Virtual Source Localization Experiment.
  • Note continued: 13.3.1. Basic Methods for Virtual Source Localization Experiments
  • 13.3.2. Preliminary Analysis of the Aesults of Virtual Source Localization Experiments
  • 13.3.3. Results of Virtual Source Localization Experiments
  • 13.4. Quantitative Evaluation Methods for Subjective Attributes
  • 13.5. Further Statistical Analysis of Psychoacoustic Experimental Results
  • 13.5.1. Statistical Analysis Methods
  • 13.5.2. Statistical Analysis Results
  • 13.6. Binaural Auditory Model and Objective Evaluation of VADs
  • 13.7. Summary
  • 14.1. VADs in Scientific Research Experiments
  • 14.2. Applications of Binaural Auralization
  • 14.2.1. Application of Binaural Auralization in Room Acoustics
  • 14.2.2. Existing Problems in Room Acoustic Binaural Auralization
  • 14.2.3. Other Applications of Binaural Auralization
  • 14.3. Applications in Sound Reproduction and Program Recording
  • 14.4. Applications in Virtual Reality, Communication, and Multimedia.
  • Note continued: 14.4.1. Applications in Virtual Reality
  • 14.4.2. Applications in Communication
  • 14.4.3. Applications in Multimedia and Mobile Products
  • 14.5. Applications in Clinical Auditory Evaluations
  • 14.6. Summary.

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