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Handbook of oil spill science and technology /

Provides a scientific basis for the cleanup and for the assessment of oil spillsEnables Non-scientific officers to understand the science they use on a daily basisMulti-disciplinary approach covering fields as diverse as biology, microbiology, chemistry, physics, oceanography and toxicologyCovers th...

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Detalles Bibliográficos
Clasificación:	Libro Electrónico
Otros Autores:	Fingas, Mervin F. (Editor )
Formato:	Electrónico eBook
Idioma:	Inglés
Publicado:	Hoboken, New Jersey : Wiley, 2015.
Temas:	Oil spills > Prevention > Handbooks, manuals, etc. Oil spills > Cleanup > Handbooks, manuals, etc. Oil spills > Management > Handbooks, manuals, etc. Déversements de pétrole > Prévention > Guides, manuels, etc. Déversements de pétrole > Nettoyage > Guides, manuels, etc. Déversements de pétrole > Gestion > Guides, manuels, etc. TECHNOLOGY & ENGINEERING > Environmental > General. Oil spills > Cleanup. Oil spills > Management. Oil spills > Prevention. Handbooks and manuals.
Acceso en línea:	Texto completo

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Machine-generated contents note: pt. I RISK ANALYSIS
1. Risk Analysis and Prevention / Dagmar Schmidt Etkin
1.1. Introduction
1.2. Executive Summary
1.3. Oil Spill Risk Analysis
1.3.1. Defining "Oil Spill Risk"
1.3.2. Factors That Determine the Probability of Spill Occurrence
1.3.3. Probability Distributions of Spill Volume
1.3.4. Determining the Probable Locations and Timing of Spills
1.3.5. Factors That Determine the Consequences/Impacts of a Spill
1.3.6. Spill Impacts: The Effects of Spill Location Type
1.3.7. Measuring Oil Spill Impacts
1.3.8. Interpreting Risk for Policy-Making
1.4. Overview of Oil Spill Prevention
1.4.1. Basic Strategies for Spill Prevention
1.4.2. Implementation of Spill Prevention Measures
1.4.3. Effectiveness of Spill Prevention
1.4.4. Spill Fines and Penalties as Deterrents
References
pt. II OIL PROPERTIES
2. Oil Physical Properties: Measurement and Correlation / Bruce P. Hollebone
2.1. Introduction
2.2. Bulk Properties of Crude Oil and Fuel Products
2.2.1. Density and API Gravity
2.2.2. Dynamic Viscosity
2.2.3. Surface and Interfacial Tensions
2.2.4. Flash Point
2.2.5. Pour Point
2.2.6. Sulphur Content
2.2.7. Water Content
2.2.8. Evaluation of the Stability of Emulsions Formed from Brine and Oils and Oil Products
2.2.9. Evaluation of the Effectiveness of Dispersants on an Oil
2.2.10. Adhesion
2.3. Hydrocarbon Groups
2.3.1. Saturates
2.3.2. Aromatics
2.3.3. Resins
2.3.4. Asphaltenes
2.4. Quality Assurance and Control
2.5. Effects of Evaporative Weathering on Oil Bulk Properties
2.5.1. Weathering
2.5.2. Preparing Evaporated (Weathered) Samples of Oils
2.5.3. Quantifying Equation(s) for Predicting Evaporation
References
pt. III OIL COMPOSITION AND PROPERTIES
3. Introduction to Oil Chemistry and Properties / Merv Fingas
3.1. Introduction
3.2. The Composition of Oil
3.2.1. SARA
3.2.2. Sulphur Compounds
3.2.3. Oxygen Compounds
3.2.4. Nitrogen Compounds
3.2.5. Metals
3.2.6. Resins
3.2.7. Asphaltenes
3.3. Properties of Oil
References
4. Vegetable Oil Spills: Oil Properties and Behaviour / Merv Fingas
4.1. Introduction
4.2. The Oils
4.3. Historical Spills
4.4. Aquatic Toxicity
4.5. Properties of the Oils
4.6. Behaviour in the Environment
4.7. Oxidation, Biodegradation, and Polymerization
4.8. Spill Countermeasures
4.9. Biofuels
4.10. Conclusions
References
pt. IV OIL ANALYSIS
5. Chromatographic Fingerprinting Analysis of Crude Oils and Petroleum Products / Mike Landriault
5.1. Introduction
5.1.1. Crude Oils and Refined Petroleum Products
5.1.2. Chemical Components of Petroleum
5.2. Introduction to Oil Analysis Techniques
5.2.1. GC
5.2.2. GC with Mass Spectrometry
5.2.3. Ancillary Oil Fingerprinting Techniques
5.3. Methodology of Oil Fingerprinting Analysis
5.3.1. Oil Sample Preparation and Separation
5.3.2. Identification and Quantitation of Target Petroleum Hydrocarbons
5.3.3. Oil Type Screening by GC-FID
5.3.4. Aliphatic Hydrocarbons in Petroleum
5.3.5. Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Petroleum
5.4. Weathering Effect on Oil Chemical Composition
5.4.1. Evaporation Weathering
5.4.2. Biodegradation Weathering
5.4.3. Photodegradation Weathering
5.4.4. Assessment of Mass Loss during Weathering
5.5. Diagnostic Ratios of Target Hydrocarbons
5.5.1. Molecular Diagnostic Ratios for Oil Identification
5.5.2. Selection of Diagnostic Ratios
5.6. Forensic Oil Spill Identification: A Case Study
5.6.1. Product Type Screening and Determination of Hydrocarbon Groups
5.6.2. Determination of Oil-Characteristic Alkylated PAHs and Biomarkers
5.6.3. Comparison of Diagnostic Ratios
5.6.4. Weathering Check
5.6.5. Results of Match between Spilled Oils and Candidate Sources
References
6. Oil Spill Identification / Gerhard Dahlmann
6.1. Introduction
6.2. Sampling
6.2.1. Thick Oil Layers and Tar Balls
6.2.2. Sampling of Thin Oil Films (Sheens or Slicks)
6.2.3. Taking Oil Samples on Beaches and from Oiled Animals
6.2.4. Sampling on Board Vessels
6.3. Sample Handling in the Laboratory
6.4. Analysis
6.4.1. Characterization by GC-FID: Level 1
6.4.2. Characterization by GC-MS: Level 2
6.5. Conclusions
References
pt. V OIL BEHAVIOUR
7. Oil and Petroleum Evaporation / Merv Fingas
7.1. Introduction
7.2. Review of Historical Concepts
7.3. Development of New Diffusion-Regulated Models
7.3.1. Wind Experiments
7.3.2. Variation with Area
7.3.3. Variation with Mass
7.3.4. Evaporation of Pure Hydrocarbons
7.3.5. Saturation Concentration
7.3.6. Development of Generic Equations Using Distillation Data
7.4. Complexities to the Diffusion-Regulated Model
7.4.1. Oil Thickness
7.4.2. The Bottle Effect
7.4.3. Skinning
7.4.4. Jumps from the 0-Wind Values
7.5. Use of Evaporation Equations in Spill Models
7.6. Volatilization
7.7. Measurement of Evaporation
7.8. Summary
References
8. Water-in-Oil Emulsions: Formation and Prediction / Ben Fieldhouse
8.1. Introduction
8.2. Types of Emulsions
8.3. Stability Indices
8.4. Formation of Emulsions
8.4.1. The Role of Asphaltenes
8.4.2. The Role of Resins and Other Components
8.4.3. Methods to Study Emulsions
8.4.4. The Overall Theory of Emulsion Formation
8.4.5. The Role of Weathering
8.5. Modelling the Formation of Water-in-Oil Emulsions
8.5.1. Older Models
8.5.2. New Models
8.5.3. Development of an Emulsion Kinetics Estimator
8.5.4. Model Certainty
8.6. Conclusions
References
9. Oil Behaviour in Ice-Infested Waters / Bruce P. Hollebone
9.1. Introduction
9.2. Spreading on Ice
9.3. Spreading on or in Snow
9.4. Spreading under Ice
9.4.1. Water Stripping Velocity under Ice
9.5. Spreading on Water with Ice Present
9.6. The Effect of Gas on Oil-under-Ice Spreading
9.7. Movement through Ice
9.8. Oil in Leads
9.9. Absorption to Snow and Ice
9.10. Containment on Ice
9.11. Heating Effect of Oil on the Surface of Ice
9.12. Oil under Multiyear Ice
9.13. Oil in Pack Ice
9.14. Growth of Ice on Shorelines and Effect on Oil Retention
9.15. Effect of Oil on Ice Properties
9.16. Concluding Remarks
References
pt. VI MODELLING
10. Introduction to Spill Modelling / Merv Fingas
10.1. Introduction
10.2. An Overview of Weathering
10.3. Evaporation
10.4. Water Uptake and Emulsification
10.4.1. Regression Model Calculation
10.5. Natural Dispersion
10.6. Summary of Natural Dispersion
10.7. Other Processes
10.7.1. Dissolution
10.7.2. Photooxidation
10.7.3. Sedimentation, Adhesion to Surfaces, and Oil-Fines Interaction
10.7.4. Biodegradation
10.7.5. Sinking and Overwashing
10.7.6. Formation of Tar Balls
10.8. Movement of Oil and Oil Spill Modelling
10.8.1. Spreading
10.8.2. Movement of Oil Slicks
10.9. Spill Modelling
References
11. Oceanographic and Meteorological Effects on Spilled Oil / William J. Lehr
List of Symbols
11.1. Introduction
11.2. Chapter Scope
11.3. Atmospheric Boundary Layer
11.4. Water Currents
11.5. Waves
11.6. Sea Spray
11.7. Langmuir Cells
11.8. Oil Transport
11.9. Areas of Active Research
11.9.1. Ice
11.9.2. Lagrangian Coherent Structures
11.9.3. Sub-surface Well Blowouts
References
pt. VII DETECTION, TRACKING, AND REMOTE-SENSING
12. Oil Spill Remote-Sensing / Carl E.
Brown
12.1. Introduction
12.2. Atmospheric Properties
12.3. Oil Interaction with Light and Electronic Waves
12.4. Visible Indications of Oil
12.5. Optical Sensors
12.5.1. Visible
12.5.2. IR
12.5.3. Near IR
12.5.4. UV
12.6. Laser Fluorosensors
12.7. Microwave Sensors
12.7.1. Radiometers
12.7.2. Radar
12.7.3. Microwave Scatterometers
12.7.4. Surface-Wave Radars
12.7.5. Interferometric Radar
12.8. Slick Thickness Determination
12.8.1. Visual Thickness Indications
12.8.2. Slick Thickness Relationships in Remote Sensors
12.8.3. Specific Thickness Sensors
12.9. Integrated Airborne Sensor Systems
12.10. Satellite Remote Sensing
12.10.1. Optical
12.10.2. Radar
12.11. Oil-Under-Ice Detection
12.12. Underwater Detection and Tracking
12.13. Small Remote-Controlled Aircraft
12.14. Real-Time Displays and Printers
12.15. Routine Surveillance
12.16. Future Trends
12.17. Recommendations
References
13. Detection, Tracking, and Remote-Sensing: Satellites and Image Processing (Spaceborne Oil Spill Detection) / Guido Ferraro
13.1. Introduction
13.2. Oil Spills Detection by Satellite
13.2.1. Optical Remote-Sensing
13.2.2. Microwave Remote-Sensing
13.3. From Research to Operational Services
13.3.1. Historical attempts
13.3.2. Operational Oil Spill Detection
13.3.3. Oil Seepage Detection Aspects
13.4. Ancillary Data
13.4.1. Detection Capability
13.4.2. Risk of Pollution
13.4.3. Ship Detection (AIS, LRIT, VMS, Satellite AIS)
13.5. Summary and Conclusions
References.
Note continued: 14. Detection of Oil in, with, and under Ice and Snow / Carl E. Brown
14.1. Introduction
14.2. Overview of Detection of Oil in or under Ice and Snow
14.2.1. Optical Methods
14.2.2. Acoustic Methods
14.2.3. Radio-Frequency Methods
14.2.4. Ground-Penetrating Radar
14.2.5. UHF Radiometer
14.2.6. Nuclear Techniques
14.2.7. Gas Sniffing and Leak Detection
14.2.8. Nuclear Magnetic Resonance
14.3. Detection of Surface Oil with Ice: Conventional Techniques
14.4. Conclusions
References
pt. VIII OIL SPILLS ON LAND
15. Bioremediation of Oil Spills on Land / Ania C. Ulrich
15.1. Introduction
15.2. Brief Overview of Bioremediation Techniques for Land Oil Spills
15.2.1. In Situ versus Ex Situ
15.2.2. Biostimulation versus Bioaugmentation
15.3. Key Organisms Involved in Biodegradation of Oil Spills on Land
15.3.1. Communities versus Isolates
15.4. Environmental Factors Affecting Bioremediation
15.4.1. Temperature
15.4.2. pH
15.4.3. Salinity
15.4.4. Nutrients
15.4.5. Moisture
15.4.6. Redox Environment
15.4.7. Soil Type
15.5. In Situ Bioremediation Strategies
15.5.1. Bioventing
15.5.2. Enhanced Bioremediation
15.5.3. Monitored Natural Attenuation
15.6. Ex Situ Land Treatment Techniques
15.6.1. Land-farming and Land Treatment
15.6.2. Biopiles
15.6.3. Organic Amendments
15.7. Bioaugmentation Strategies
15.7.1. Key Bacteria Used in Bioaugmentation
15.7.2. Role of Other Organisms
15.8. Biostimulation Strategies
15.8.1. Biosurfactants
References
16. Microbe-Assisted Phytoremediation of Petroleum Impacted Soil: A Scientifically-Proven Green Technology / Bruce M. Greenberg
16.1. Introduction
16.1.1. Overview of Phytoremediation
16.1.2. Developing Microbe-Assisted Phytoremediation as a Remedial Strategy for PHC
16.1.3. Benefits and Challenges of Phytoremediation and Microbe-Assisted Phytoremediation
16.1.4. Successful Field Tests of Phytoremediation
16.2. PGPR-Enhanced Phytoremediation System(s)
16.2.1. Development, Proof, and Full-Scale Application of PEPS
16.2.2. Keys to the Success of PEPS
16.3. Case Studies of Full-Scale Petroleum Phytoremediation
16.3.1. Case Study #1: Edson, Alberta
16.3.2. Case Study #2: Peace River, Alberta
16.3.3. Case Study #3: Hinton, Alberta
16.3.4. Case Study #4: Dawson Creek, British Columbia
16.3.5. Overall Conclusions from Case Studies
16.4. Achieving Regulatory Criteria
16.4.1. Optimizing PHC Analytical Protocols for Removal of BOC
16.4.2. Plant Toxicity Testing
16.5. Conclusions
References
pt. IX EFFECTS OF OIL
17. Overview of Efforts to Document and Reduce Impacts of Oil Spills on Seabirds / Florina S. Tseng
17.1. Introduction
17.2. Vulnerability
17.3. Effect of Oiling on Individual Birds
17.3.1. External Oil Effects
17.3.2. Internal Oil Effects
17.3.3. Oil Effects on Reproduction
17.4. Rehabilitation and Veterinary Care
17.4.1. Key Considerations in Care
17.4.2. Release Rates
17.4.3. Post-Release Survival and Reproduction
17.4.4. Rehabilitation Process
17.5. Estimating Mortality
17.5.1. Oiled Birds at Sea
17.5.2. Oiled Birds on Land
17.5.3. Cause of Death and Background Deposition
17.6. Long-Term Impacts
17.7. Restoration
17.7.1. Apex Houston Barge Oil Spill, Central California
17.7.2. American Trader Oil Spill, Southern California
References
18. Overview of Effects of Oil Spills on Marine Mammals / Terrie M. Williams
18.1. Introduction
18.1.1. Sea Otters
18.1.2. Seals and Sea Lions
18.1.3. Sea Cows
18.1.4. Polar Bears
18.1.5. Whales, Dolphins, and Porpoises
18.2. Sea Otters
18.2.1. External Exposure
18.2.2. Internal Exposure
18.2.3. Long-Term Effects
18.3. Seals and Sea Lions
18.3.1. Direct Effects
18.3.2. Vulnerability and Risk
18.4. Sea Cows
18.4.1. Direct Effects
18.4.2. Indirect Effects
18.5. Polar Bears
18.5.1. Direct and Indirect Effects
18.5.2. Vulnerability and Risk
18.6. Whales, Dolphins, and Porpoises
18.6.1. Direct Effects
18.6.2. Vulnerability and Risk
References
19. Oil Spill Impact and Recovery of Coastal Marsh Vegetation / Qianxin Lin
19.1. Introduction
19.2. Toxicity and Impact as a Function of Oil Type and Oil Weathering Degree
19.3. Sensitivity to Oil Varies by Plant Species
19.4. Effects of Oil Exposure Modes on Severity of Oil Impacts
19.5. Effects of Oil Spill Cleanup Procedures on Marsh Recovery
References
pt. X NATURAL DISPERSION
20. A Review of Natural Dispersion Models / Merv Fingas
20.1. Introduction
20.2. The Mackay Approach
20.3. The Audunson Approach
20.4. The Delvigne Approach
20.5. Residence in the Water Column
20.6. Comparison of the Models
20.7. Conclusions
References
pt. XI COLD REGION SPILLS
21. Arctic and Antarctic Spills / Andrew G. Klein
21.1. Introduction
21.1.1. Occurrences
21.1.2. Scale of the Problem
21.1.3. Environments
21.1.4. Regulatory Framework
21.2. Terrestrial Spills
21.2.1. Petroleum Transport and Fate
21.2.2. Mitigation and Countermeasures
21.2.3. Remediation and Lessons Learned
21.3. Marine Spills
21.3.1. Petroleum Transport and Fate
21.3.2. Mitigation and Countermeasures
21.3.3. Remediation and Lessons Learned
21.4. Policy
References
pt. XII CASE STUDIES
22. The Prestige Oil Spill / Lucia Vinas
22.1. Introduction
22.2. The Ocean and Coastal Dynamics in the NW Iberia and their Influence on the Spill
22.2.1. Oceanographic Conditions
22.2.2. Oil Spill Forecasting
22.3. Oil Monitoring and Fate
22.3.1. Fuel Oil Composition
22.3.2. Fuel at Sea
22.3.3. Spatial and Temporal Distribution in Seawater
22.3.4. Continental Shelf Contamination
22.3.5. Accumulation in Biota
22.4. The Assessment of Effects
22.4.1. Bioassays under Laboratory Conditions
22.4.2. Field Studies
22.5. Environmental Restoration
22.5.1. Oil Recovery at Sea
22.5.2. Coastal Contamination and Cleanup Efforts
22.5.3. Natural Attenuation Processes
22.6. Conclusion
References
23. The Grounding of the Bahia Paraiso, Arthur Harbor, Antarctica: Distribution and Fate of Oil Spill-Related Hydrocarbons / Andrew G. Klein
23.1. Introduction and Background
23.2. Environmental Sampling
23.2.1. Surface Slicks and Water Column
23.2.2. Intertidal Macroalgae
23.2.3. Intertidal Beaches
23.2.4. Intertidal Limpets
23.2.5. Subtidal Sediments
23.2.6. Impacts on Other Wildlife
23.3. Conclusions
References
24. Tasman Spirit Oil Spill at Karachi Coast, Pakistan / Alia Bano Munshi
24.1. Introduction
24.2. Immediate Response to the Impact: Actions and Remediation
24.2.1. Oil Recovery and Coast Cleaning
24.2.2. Oil Spill Monitoring
24.2.3. Socioeconomic Impact and Damage to Coastal Marine Life Damage
24.2.4. Human Health Impacts
24.3. The DDWP Project by Ministry of Science and Technology (MoST)
24.4. Hydrodynamics and Meteorological Data
24.4.1. Oceanographic Conditions
24.4.2. The Assessment of Oil Transport: Numerical Models
24.5. Oil Monitoring and Fate
24.5.1. Oil Composition
24.5.2. Spatial and Temporal Distribution in Seawater
24.5.3. Biota Affected by Oil Pollution
24.5.4. Oil Content of Sediment
24.6. Effects of Oil Impact at the Community Level
24.6.1. The Effects on the Benthic System
24.6.2. The Effects on the Pelagic System
24.7. Bioremediation/Natural Attenuation Processes
24.8. Conclusions
References
pt. XIII APPENDICES
Appendix A The Oil Properties Data Appendix / Bruce P. Hollebone
Appendix B Conversions / Merv Fingas
Appendix C Ice Nomenclature / Merv Fingas.

Handbook of oil spill science and technology /

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