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District heating guide /
"Guidance for district heating system planning, design, operation, and maintenance for inexperienced designers and complete reference for those immersed in district heating industry; includes terminology for district heating"--
| Clasificación: | Libro Electrónico |
|---|---|
| Autor Corporativo: | |
| Otros Autores: | |
| Formato: | Electrónico eBook |
| Idioma: | Inglés |
| Publicado: |
Atlanta, Ga. :
ASHRAE,
©2013.
|
| Temas: | |
| Acceso en línea: | Texto completo |
Tabla de Contenidos:
- Machine generated contents note: ch. 1 Introduction
- Purpose and Scope
- District Heating Background
- Applicability
- Components
- Benefits
- Environmental Benefits
- Economic Benefits
- Initial Capital Investment
- Concept Planning
- Design
- Construction
- Consumer Interconnection
- Typical Applications
- References
- ch. 2 Planning and System Selection
- Planning Overview
- Establish and Clarify the Owner's Scope
- Development of the Database
- Sources of Data for Existing Systems
- Heating Load
- Demand Diversity
- Heat Load Density and Piping Costs
- Alternative Development
- Codes and Standards
- Local and Institutional Constraints
- Choice of Heating Medium
- Integrated Processes
- Central Plant Siting
- Heat Distribution Systems
- Construction Considerations and Cost
- Consumer Interconnection
- Energy Costs
- Operation and Maintenance Costs
- Economic Analysis and User Rates
- Master Planning Conclusions
- Note continued: Alternative Development for Heat Supply
- Methods of Heat Generation
- Conventional Heat-Only Boiler Plants
- District Heat Supply from Cogeneration Steam-Turbine-Based Stations
- Retrofit of Single-Purpose Electric Generating Steam Turbine to District Heat Supply
- Overview
- Configuration and Control of Steam Turbine Retrofits for District Heating
- Cycle Efficiencies
- Examples of Power Plants Retrofitted to Cogeneration
- District Heating/Cogeneration from Stationary Gas Turbines
- Reciprocating-Engine-Based Cogeneration/District Heating Systems
- Large Heat Pumps
- Integration of Heating, Cooling, and Electric Generation
- Centralized Chilled-Water Generation by Thermal Energy
- Centralized Chilled-Water Generation by Electric Energy
- Decentralized Chilled-Water Generation by Thermal Energy
- Geothermal District Heating
- Direct Use
- U.S. Experience
- European Experience
- References
- Bibliography
- Note continued: ch. 3 Central Plant Design for Steam and Hot Water
- Introduction
- Higher Thermal Efficiency
- Use of Multiple Fuels
- Environmental Benefits
- Operating Personnel
- Insurance
- Usable Space
- Equipment Maintenance
- Use of Cogeneration
- Central Plant Advantages
- Central Plant Disadvantages
- Heating Loads
- Central Plant Heating Medium
- Heat Capacity
- Pipe Sizes
- Condensate Return System
- Pressure and Temperature Requirements
- Boilers Pressure and Temperature
- Construction Materials
- Selection Parameters
- Efficiency
- Combustion Efficiency
- Overall (or Thermal) Efficiency
- Seasonal Efficiency
- Performance Codes and Standards
- Commercial Heating Boilers
- Central Plant Design for Steam
- Typical System Arrangements
- Selection Criteria
- Construction Cost Estimate
- Feasibility Analysis
- Environmental Regulations
- Water Supply
- Site Development
- Plant Access
- Plant Structures
- Note continued: Heating, Ventilating and Air-Conditioning (HVAC) Systems
- Drainage
- Plant Safety
- Central Plant Security
- Steam Generators
- Boiler Design and Type
- Boiler Construction Options
- Available Fuels
- Combustion Technology Selection
- Burners
- Boiler Control
- Primary Air
- Economizer
- Water Treatment and Makeup
- Sound and Vibration
- Seismic Issues
- Breeching
- Plant Stack
- Fuel Train
- Oil Supply System
- Piping
- Combustion Air
- Maintenance and Operation
- Commissioning
- Central Plant Design for Medium- and High-Temperature Water
- Introduction
- HTW Plant Arrangement
- Basic System
- Design Considerations
- Direct-Fired HTW Generators
- Direct-Contact Heaters (Cascades)
- System Circulating Pumps
- Controls
- Water Treatment
- Heat Storage
- Safety Considerations
- Other Design Considerations
- Central Plant Design for Low-Temperature Water
- Typical System Arrangements
- Energy Sources
- Note continued: System Temperatures
- Heat Exchangers
- Thermal Storage
- Auxiliaries
- Expansion Tanks and System Pressurization
- Pumping System
- Pump Curves and Water Temperature for Constant-Speed Systems
- Parallel Pumping
- Series Pumping
- Multiple-Pump Systems
- Standby Pump Provision
- Variable-Speed Pumping Application
- Pump Connections
- Flow Design Considerations
- Design Guidelines
- Makeup and Fill-Water Systems
- Other System Components
- Emission Control and Instrumentation
- Pollutants and Control Techniques
- Nitrogen Oxides (NOx)
- Sulfur Oxides (SOx)
- Carbon Monoxide (CO)
- Particulate Matter (PM)
- Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs)/Hydrocarbons (HCs)
- Calculation of Annual Emissions for District Heating Boilers
- Current Emission Standards
- Compliance Solutions
- Instrumentation and Controls for District Heating Plants
- General
- Instrumentation
- District Heating Plant Controls
- Boiler Controls
- Note continued: Non-Boiler Controls
- Control Panels
- Energy Management and Control Systems
- Control Variables
- Controls for Boilers
- Boilers Supervisory Control Strategies and Optimization
- Supply Water and Supply Pressure Reset for Boilers
- Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition (SCADA) System
- References
- ch. 4 Distribution Systems
- Hydraulic Considerations
- Objectives of Hydraulic Design
- Water Hammer
- Pressure Losses
- Pipe Sizing
- Diversity of Demand
- Network Calculations
- Condensate Drainage and Return
- Distribution System Construction
- Aboveground System
- Underground Systems
- Site-Fabricated Underground Systems
- Prefabricated Conduit Systems
- Geotechnical Trenching and Backfilling
- Piping Materials and Standards
- Supply Pipes for Steam and Hot Water
- Condensate Return Pipes
- Pipe Expansion and Flexibility
- Pipe Bends and Loops
- Cold Springing of Pipe
- Computer-Aided Design
- Note continued: Analyzing Existing Piping Configurations
- Expansion Joints and Expansion Compensating Devices
- Cathodic Protection of Direct Buried Conduits
- Sacrificial Anode Systems
- Impressed Current Systems
- Design, Maintenance, and Testing
- Leak Detection
- WSL Conduit Systems
- DDT-Type Conduit Systems
- Valve Vaults and Entry Pits
- Valve Vault Penetrations
- Ponding Water
- Crowding of Components
- High Humidity
- High Temperatures
- Deep Burial
- Freezing Conditions
- Safety and Access
- Vault Construction
- Vault Covers and Venting
- Construction of Systems without Valve Vaults
- References
- ch. 5 Consumer Interconnection
- Introduction
- Connection Types
- Direct Connection
- Indirect Connection
- Components
- Heat Exchangers
- Flow Control Devices
- Instrumentation
- Controller
- Pressure Control Devices
- Heating Connections
- Steam Connections
- Hot-Water Connections
- Building Conversion to District Heating
- Note continued: Temperature Differential Control
- Metering
- References
- ch. 6 Heat Transfer Calculations for Piping Systems
- Thermal Design Conditions
- Soil Thermal Properties
- Soil Thermal Conductivity
- Temperature Effects on Soil Thermal Conductivity and Frost Depth
- Specific Heat of Soils
- Undisturbed Soil Temperatures
- Heat Transfer at Ground Surface
- Insulation Types and Thermal Properties
- Steady-State Heat Loss/Heat Gain Calculations for Systems
- Single Buried Uninsulated Pipe
- Single Buried Insulated Pipe
- Single Buried Pipe in Conduit with Air Space
- Single Buried Pipe with Composite Insulation
- Two Pipes Buried in Common Conduit with Air Space
- Two Buried Pipes or Conduits
- Pipes in Buried Trenches or Tunnels
- Pipes in Shallow Trenches
- Pipes in Loose Fill Insulation
- Buried Pipes with Other Geometries
- Pipes in Air
- Economical Thickness for Pipe Insulation
- Note continued: Calculating Temperatures of System Components and Surrounding Soil Temperatures
- Line Source of Heat
- Spherical Source of Heat
- Superposition
- Spherical Heat Leak
- Spherical Heat Leak with Superimposed Parallel Line Source of Heat
- Thermal Impacts on Utilities Adjacent to Buried Heat Distribution Systems
- References
- ch. 7 Thermal Storage
- Introduction
- What is Thermal Storage?
- The Purpose of the Thermal Storage
- How Thermal Storage Works
- Benefits
- CHP Plants
- Heat Production Optimization
- Operation
- Principles of Operation
- Storage Tank Monitoring
- Charging
- Directly Connected Heat Storage
- Discharging
- Directly Connected Heat Storage
- Charging/Discharging
- Pressurized and Decentralized Tank
- Water Quality
- Specific Design Issues
- Temperature
- Pressure
- Sizing
- Regulatory Requirements (Europe)
- Economics
- Net Present Value
- Seasonal Thermal Storage
- Examples of Thermal Storage
- Note continued: Denmark
- Other Countries
- References
- Bibliography
- ch. 8 Operation and Maintenance
- Introduction
- Workplace Safety
- Requirements
- Hazards
- System Security
- System Operation
- Water Treatment and Filtration
- Corrosion
- Corrosion Protection and Preventive Measures
- White Rust on Galvanized Steel Cooling Towers
- Scale Control
- Nonchemical Methods
- External Treatments
- Biological Growth Control
- Control Measures
- Legionnaires' Disease
- Suspended Solids and Depositation Control
- Mechanical Filtration
- Selection of Water Treatment Method
- Once Through Systems (Seawater or Surface-Water Cooling)
- Open Recirculating Systems (Cooling Towers)
- Closed Recirculating Systems (District Heating Distribution Systems)
- Medium- and High-Temperature Hot-Water Systems
- European Practice in Closed Distribution Systems
- Steam Systems
- Steam Distribution and Condensate Collection Systems
- Maintenance
- Note continued: CMMS Functionality
- References
- Appendix A 96-Hour Boiling Water Test
- Tests of Complete System
- Apparatus and Specimens for Other than Wet Poured Systems
- Test Procedure for Other than Wet Poured Systems
- Appendix B Climatic Constants
- Equations
- Reference
- Appendix C Case Studies
- Case Study A District Energy/CHP System In Jamestown, New York
- Introduction
- System Description
- Central Energy Plant
- Transmission and Distribution Network
- Buildings
- Retrofitting Electrically Heated Buildings to Hot Water
- System Development
- Phased Implementation Philosophy
- Marketing
- Ownership
- System Economics
- Rates
- Financing
- System Benefits
- Customer Savings
- Environmental Advantages
- Demand-Side Management Application
- Future Expansion
- District Cooling System
- Conclusion
- References
- Case Study B Crotched Mountain Biomass District Heating System
- Introduction
- Note continued: Background on the Crotched Mountain Facility
- Details of the Retrofit
- Fuel
- Central Plant
- Distribution System
- Building Interconnection and Loads
- Operational Experience
- Economic Benefits to the User
- Environmental Benefits
- Societal Benefits
- Contact Information
- References
- Case Study C District Heating Conversion From Steam To Hot Water At The Savannah Regional Hospital
- Abstract
- Introduction
- Original System Description
- System Problems
- Replacement Options
- Construction Program
- Revised Central Plant Requirements
- Energy Use Evaluation.