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Critical metals handbook /
"The proposed book will provide a unique, one-stop source of information on diverse aspects of the critical metals, including geology, deposits, processing, applications, environmental issues and markets"--Provided by publisher
| Clasificación: | Libro Electrónico |
|---|---|
| Otros Autores: | |
| Formato: | Electrónico eBook |
| Idioma: | Inglés |
| Publicado: |
Hoboken, New Jersey ; Chichester, West Sussex, UK :
John Wiley & Sons : American Geophysical Union,
2014.
|
| Temas: | |
| Acceso en línea: | Texto completo |
Tabla de Contenidos:
- Machine generated contents note: 1. Metal resources, use and criticality / Luis Tercero Espinoza
- The geology and technology of metals
- Key concepts
- Definitions and terminology
- Will we run out of minerals?
- Geological assessment
- Considerations of supply and demand
- Recycling and reuse of metals
- The concept of criticality
- Assessments of criticality
- Improving criticality assessment
- Implications of criticality for corporate and governmental policy
- Outlining this book
- Acknowledgements
- Note
- References
- 2. The mining industry and the supply of critical minerals / David Humphreys
- Suppliers of minerals
- miners and explorers
- Industry dynamics
- Constraints on mineral supply response
- Natural constraints
- Economic constraints
- Institutional constraints
- Critical minerals and the role of China
- Policy issues
- Notes
- References
- 3. Recycling of (critical) metals / Christian Hageluken
- Rationale and benefits
- The urban mine
- Recycling benefits
- Status and challenges of recycling critical metals
- The metals life cycle
- Waste and resource legislation
- The recycling value chain
- Recycling challenges
- The seven conditions for effective recycling
- Recycling technologies
- Collection and pre-processing
- Metallurgical recovery
- Status of recycling of the EU critical metals
- The significance of life-cycle structures
- Case study 1 Industrial PGM applications
- Case study 2 Automotive PGM applications
- Case study 3 Electronic PGM applications
- Global flows of old products
- Differences in recycling rates and pathways for improvement
- Conclusion and the way forward
- Innovation needs
- Resource security as a societal driver for recycling
- Mining and recycling as complementary systems
- Conclusions
- Notes
- References
- 4. Antimony / Ulrich Schwarz-Schampera
- Introduction
- Definitions and characteristics
- Abundance in the Earth
- Mineralogy
- Major deposit classes
- Gold
- antimony (epithermal) deposits
- Greenstone-hosted quartz-carbonate vein and carbonate replacement deposits
- Reduced magmatic gold systems
- Extraction methods and processing
- Mining
- Ore processing, beneficiation and conversion to metal
- Specifications
- Uses
- Antimony trioxide
- Sodium antimonate
- Other non-metallurgical uses
- Antimony metal
- Recycling
- Substitution
- Resources and reserves
- Production
- Projects under development
- World trade
- Prices
- Environmental aspects
- Outlook
- References
- 5. Beryllium / Phillip Sabey
- Introduction
- Properties of beryllium
- Distribution and abundance in the Earth's crust
- Uses of beryllium
- Alloys containing less than 2% beryllium, especially copper
- beryllium
- Pure beryllium metal and alloys containing over 60% beryllium
- Beryllia (BeO) ceramics
- World production
- World trade
- World resources
- Mineralogy of beryllium
- Beryllium deposits
- Pegmatite deposits
- Hydrothermal deposits
- Mining and processing of beryllium
- Beryl ores
- Bertrandite ores
- Processing of beryl and bertrandite to beryllium hydroxide
- Production of metal and alloys from beryllium hydroxide
- Production of beryllium oxide from beryllium hydroxide
- Recycling
- Substitution
- Environmental aspects
- Prices
- Outlook
- Note
- References
- 6. Cobalt / Gus Gunn
- Introduction
- Physical and chemical properties
- Distribution and abundance in the Earth
- Mineralogy
- Deposit types
- Hydrothermal deposits
- Magmatic deposits
- Laterites
- Manganese nodules and cobalt-rich ferromanganese crusts on the seafloor
- Extraction, processing and refining
- Cobalt from nickel sulfide ores
- Cobalt from nickel laterite ores
- Cobalt from copper
- cobalt ores in DRC and Zambia
- Other sources of cobalt
- World production and trade
- Resources and reserves
- Uses
- Recycling
- Substitution
- Environmental issues
- Prices
- Outlook
- Acknowledgements
- Notes
- References
- 7. Gallium / Teresa Brown
- Introduction
- Physical and chemical properties
- Mineralogy and distribution
- Sources of gallium
- Bauxite
- Sphalerite (ZnS)
- Other geological settings
- Recovery methods and refining
- Primary recovery
- Secondary recovery
- Refining and purification
- Gallium in GaAs semiconductors
- Specifications and uses
- Gallium metal
- Gallium antimonide
- Gallium arsenide
- Gallium chemicals
- Gallium nitride
- Gallium phosphide
- Photovoltaics
- Substitution
- Environmental aspects
- World resources and production
- Production in 2010
- Future supplies
- World trade
- Prices
- Outlook
- Acknowledgements
- References
- 8. Germanium / Peter Buchholz
- Introduction
- Physical and chemical properties
- Distribution and abundance in the Earth
- Mineralogy
- Deposit types
- Accumulation of germanium in sulfide deposits
- Enrichment of germanium in lignite and coal
- Extraction methods, processing and beneficiation
- Extraction
- Processing
- Specifications
- Germanium tetrachloride, GeCl4
- Germanium dioxide, GeO2
- First reduction metal
- Production of zone-refined metal (`intrinsic' metal)
- Single crystals
- Uses
- Recycling, re-use and resource efficiency
- Substitution
- Environmental aspects of the life cycle of germanium and its products
- Resources and reserves
- Production
- Future supplies
- World trade
- Prices
- Outlook
- Supply challenges
- Demand drivers
- Supply and demand scenario
- Acknowledgments
- Notes
- References
- 9. Indium / Ulrich Schwarz-Schampera
- Introduction
- Physical and chemical properties
- Abundance in the Earth's crust
- Mineralogy
- Major deposit classes
- Base-metal sulfide deposits
- Polymetallic vein-type deposits
- Base-metal-rich tin
- tungsten and skarn deposits
- Base-metal-rich epithermal deposits
- Extraction methods and processing
- Mining
- Processing, beneficiation and conversion to metal
- Indium production from copper ores
- Indium production from tin ores
- Indium recovery from secondary sources
- Specifications and uses
- Indium
- tin oxide (ITO)
- Alloys and solders
- Semiconductors
- Others
- Resources and reserves
- Production
- Production from residues and scrap
- Projects under development
- Abandoned production
- World trade
- Prices
- Recycling and substitution
- Environmental aspects
- Outlook
- References
- 10. Lithium / Keith Evans
- Introduction
- Properties and abundance in the Earth
- Mineralogy and deposit types
- Pegmatites
- Continental brines
- Geothermal brines
- Oilfield brines
- Hectorite
- Jadarite
- Extraction methods and processing
- Specification and uses
- Recycling
- Substitution
- Environmental factors
- World resources and production
- Reserves and resources
- Production
- Current producers
- Production costs
- Future supplies
- Pegmatite-based projects
- Continental brines
- Geothermal brine
- Oilfield brine
- Hectorite
- Jadarite
- World trade
- Prices
- Outlook
- Acknowledgements
- Notes
- References
- 11. Magnesium / Bob Brown
- Introduction
- Physical and chemical properties
- Distribution and abundance in the Earth
- Mineralogy
- Deposit types
- Extraction methods, processing and beneficiation
- Nineteenth-century magnesium production processes
- Commercial magnesium production processes of the twentieth century
- Specifications and uses
- Recycling, re-use and resource efficiency
- Substitution
- Environmental aspects
- Non-greenhouse-gas regulations
- electrolytic magnesium production
- Non-greenhouse-gas regulations
- thermal magnesium
- Greenhouse-gas emission studies
- World resources and production
- Future supplies
- World trade
- Prices
- Outlook
- References
- 12. Platinum-group metals / Gus Gunn
- Introduction
- Properties and abundance in the Earth
- Mineralogy
- Major deposit classes
- PGM-dominant deposits
- Nickel
- copper-dominant deposits.
- Other deposit types
- Extraction and processing
- Extraction methods
- Processing
- Specifications and uses
- Uses of platinum, palladium and rhodium
- Uses of ruthenium, iridium and osmium
- Recycling, re-use and resource efficiency
- Substitution
- Environmental issues
- World resources and production
- Resources and reserves
- Production
- World trade
- Prices
- Outlook
- Acknowledgements
- Note
- References
- 13. Rare earth elements / Frances Wall
- Introduction
- Physical and chemical properties
- Distribution and abundance in the Earth's crust
- Mineralogy
- Deposit types
- Carbonatite-related REE deposits
- Alkaline igneous rocks
- Other hydrothermal veins
- Iron oxide
- apatite deposits, including iron-oxide-copper-gold (IOCG) deposits
- Placer deposits (mineral sands)
- Ion adsorption deposits
- Seafloor deposits
- By-products, co-products and waste products
- Extraction methods, processing and beneficiation
- Mining
- Beneficiation
- Extraction and separation of the REE
- Specifications and uses
- Recycling, re-use and resource efficiency
- Substitution
- Environmental aspects
- World resources and production
- Future supplies
- World trade
- Prices
- Outlook
- Note
- References
- 14. Rhenium / Anthony Lipmann
- Introduction
- Physical and chemical properties
- Distribution and abundance
- Mineralogy
- Deposit types
- Porphyry deposits
- Vein deposits
- Sediment-hosted copper deposits
- Uranium deposits
- Magmatic nickel
- copper
- platinum-group element (PGE) deposits
- World resources and production
- Future supplies
- Extraction methods, processing and beneficiation
- Specifications and uses
- Recycling and re-use
- Catalysts
- Superalloys
- Substitution
- Environmental issues
- World trade
- Prices
- Outlook
- References
- 15. Tantalum and niobium / Richard Burt
- Introduction
- Physical and chemical properties
- Distribution and abundance in the Earth
- Mineralogy
- Deposit types.
- Note continued: Carbonatite deposits
- Alkaline to peralkaline granites and syenites
- Peraluminous pegmatites
- Peraluminous granites
- Extraction methods and processing
- Specifications and uses
- Recycling, re-use and resource efficiency
- Substitution
- Environmental aspects of niobium and tantalum
- Geopolitical aspects
- World resources and production
- Future supplies
- Prices
- Outlook
- Note
- References
- 16. Tungsten / Peter Pitfield
- Introduction
- Physical and chemical properties
- Distribution and abundance in the Earth's crust
- Mineralogy
- Deposit types
- Vein/stockwork deposits
- Skarn deposits
- Disseminated or greisen deposits
- Porphyry deposits
- Breccia deposits
- Stratabound deposits
- Pegmatite deposits
- Pipe deposits
- Hot-spring deposits
- Placer deposits
- Brine/evaporite deposits
- Extraction methods, processing and beneficiation
- Extraction
- Processing
- Specifications and uses
- Specifications
- Uses
- Recycling, re-use and resource efficiency
- Old scrap
- New scrap
- Unrecovered scrap
- Recycling methods
- Substitution
- Environmental aspects of the life cycle of the metal and its products
- World resources and production
- Resources and reserves
- Production
- Future supplies
- World trade
- Prices
- Outlook
- Acknowledgements
- References.