The uncertainty of measurements : physical and chemical metrology : impact and analysis /

The uncertainty of measurement results is drawing attention of managers, metrologists and customers. the accuracy of measurements affects all of us in trade, commerce, safety, health care environmental protection and more. the quality of these measurements are regulated by a variety of government ag...

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Detalles Bibliográficos
Clasificación:Libro Electrónico
Autor principal: Kimothi, Shri Krishna, 1944-
Formato: Electrónico eBook
Idioma:Inglés
Publicado: Milwaukee, Wis. : ASQ Press, ©2002.
Temas:
Physical measurements.
Mesures physiques.
SCIENCE > Energy.
SCIENCE > Mechanics > General.
SCIENCE > Physics > General.
Physical measurements
Messunsicherheit
Metrologie
Physics.
Physical Sciences & Mathematics.
Physics - General.
Medidas físicas.
Acceso en línea:Texto completo
Tabla de Contenidos:
  • Machine derived contents note: Chapter 1 Metrology and the Need for Reliable
  • Measurements
  • The Universal Nature of Measurements
  • Metrology and Technological Growth
  • The Increasing Need for Reliable Measurements
  • Metrology Classifications
  • The Probabilistic Nature of Measurement Results
  • Why Take Measurements?
  • Risks Associated with Statistical Decision Making
  • Measurement Results: Fitness for Purpose
  • Chapter 2 Measurement Systems and the Quality
  • of Measurement Results
  • Measurement Results and Measurands
  • Measurement Methods and Measurement Procedures
  • The Contents of a Measurement Method or Procedure
  • The Steps Involved in Measurements
  • Measurement Systems and Measurement Processes
  • The Measurement Process: Requirement for Statistical Control
  • The Quantitative and Qualitative Aspects of Measurement
  • Results
  • Qualifying Quantitative Information and the NUSAP
  • Notational Scheme
  • NUSAP Notation and Measurement Results as Quantitative
  • Information
  • The Relevance and Adequacy of Measurements:
  • The Management Perspective
  • Summary
  • Chapter 3 Statistical Methods in Metrology
  • Statistical Methods and Statistical Thinking
  • The Use of Statistical Techniques in Metrology
  • Measurement Data and Statistics
  • The Characteristics of Statistical Data
  • Probability Density Functions and Frequency Distribution
  • The Characteristics and Application of Rectangtular Distribution
  • The Characteristics of Trapezoidal and Triangular Distribution
  • The Characteristics of Normal Distribution
  • The Standard Normal Probability Distribution
  • Sampling Distribution
  • Statistical Estimation
  • Point Estimate of Population Mean and Standard Deviation
  • Interval Estimate of Population Mean Using Normal
  • Distribution
  • Interval Estimate Using the t Distribution
  • Degrees of Freedom
  • Regression and Correlation
  • Chapter 4 Measurement Error and Measurement Uncertainty
  • Measurand, True Value, and Conventional True Value
  • Measurement Error
  • Random Measurement Error
  • Metrologists' and Statisticians' Perceptions of True Value
  • Systematic Measurement Error
  • Precision, Bias, and Trueness of a Measurement Process
  • The Accuracy of the Measurement Process
  • Measurement Uncertainty
  • Reliability of Uncertainty Estimation and Confidence Level
  • The Relationship Between Measurement Uncertainty and
  • Measurement Error
  • Accuracy Specifications of Measuring Equipment and
  • Measurement Uncertainty
  • Accuracy Specifications of Measurement Standards
  • Summary
  • Chapter 5 National and International Measurement Systems
  • and Measurement Standards
  • Measurement Units
  • Measurement Standards
  • Measurement Compatibility and the International
  • Measurement System
  • The Treaty of the Meter and International Metrology
  • Organizations
  • Measurement Standards Based on Atomic and Quantum
  • Phenomena
  • Some Important Fundamental Constants
  • The Limitations of Artifact Standards and the
  • Advantages of Intrinsic Standards
  • The Realization of National Standards for Sl Base Units
  • Chapter 6 Calibration and Measurement Traceability
  • Why Calibration?
  • Calibration and Traceability
  • Traceability Through an Established Calibration Program
  • National and International Traceability
  • Some Examples of National Traceability
  • Accreditation of Calibration Laboratories
  • The Propagation of Uncertainty in the Traceability Chain
  • Internet-Based Calibrations
  • Achieving International Traceability
  • Measurement Traceability in Chemical Metrology
  • Reference Materials and Certified Reference Materials
  • ILAC Guidance on Calibration and Traceability
  • Traceability Requirements As Stipulated in the ISO
  • Standards on Quality Systems Management
  • Chapter 7 Measurement Uncertainty and Its Evaluation:
  • Evolving Concepts
  • Measurement Uncertainty: Limits to Error
  • Uncertainty Reporting: The Need for Harmonized Practices
  • Eisenhart's Guidelines on the Evaluation and Reporting
  • of Measurement Uncertainty in Calibration Laboratories
  • Reporting Uncertainty Statements: Eisenhart's Guidelines
  • Limitations of Eisenhart's Guidelines
  • Random and Systematic Uncertainty:
  • Guidelines for Estimation and Reporting
  • Estimation of Random Uncertainty
  • Estimation of Systematic Uncertainty
  • Overall Uncertainty
  • Selection of the Confidence Level
  • Selection of the Number of Observations
  • Examples of Uncertainty Evaluations
  • The Need for a Harmonized Approach to Measurement
  • Uncertainty Evaluation and Reporting
  • Chapter 8 Guide to the Expression of Uncertainty in
  • Measurement (GUM): An International Consensus
  • Lack of Consensus on Uncertainty Evaluation: Issues of
  • Concern
  • The Need for a Harmonized Approach to Uncertainty
  • Evaluation and Reporting
  • Guide to the Expression of Uncertainty in Measurement (GUM)
  • Philosophy of GUM and New Definition of Uncertainty and
  • Associated Terms
  • Mathematical Modeling of the Measurement Process
  • Evaluation of Standard Uncertainty
  • Determining Combined Standard Uncertainty:
  • The Law of Propagation of Uncertainty
  • Determining Expanded Uncertainty
  • Reporting the Uncertainty of Measurement: Guidelines
  • Procedure for Evaluation of Uncertainty in Accordance
  • with GUM
  • Expanded Uncertainty and Confidence Interval
  • Structure of GUM
  • GUM: An Ideal Method
  • Uncertainty Budget
  • Examples of Uncertainty Evaluation Using GUM
  • Expressing the Uncertainty of Measurement
  • Results Containing Uncorrected Bias
  • GUM and International Perspectives
  • NIST Policy on Uncertainty of Measurement Results
  • Chapter 9 Measurement Assurance Programs (MAPS)
  • Measurement Systems, Metrological Requirements,
  • and Metrological Confirmation
  • Quality Assurance of Measurement Results
  • Measurement Assurance Programs in Testing and
  • Calibration Laboratories
  • The Measurement Process and Statistical Process Control
  • Proficiency Testing
  • International Standards on Quality Management and
  • Measurement Assurance
  • Traceability, Uncertainty, and Measurement Assurance
  • Chapter 10 Measurement System Capability Requirements
  • in Industries
  • The Need for Capable Industrial Measurement Systems
  • Capability Requirements for a Measurement System
  • Measurement System Assessment and Capability Indices
  • Gage Repeatability and Reproducibility (R & R) Assessment
  • Example of an R & R Assessment
  • Conducting an R & R Study and Measurement Systems Aralysis
  • Guidelines for R & R Acceptability of a Measurement System
  • Example of an R & R Study-Data Collection and Analysis
  • Gage R & R Study Limitations and Statistical Control of the
  • Measurement System
  • The Process Measurement Assurance Program (PIMAP)
  • Quest for Excellence: Six Sigma and the Role of Measuremrents
  • Chapter 11 Measurement Uncertainty Considerations
  • in Testing Laboratories
  • Requirements Concerning the Uncertainty of Test Results
  • Factors Affecting the Measurement Uncertainty of Test Results
  • Guideline Documents on Evaluation of the Measuremeat
  • Uncertainty of Test Results
  • Uncertainty of Standard Test Methods
  • Uncertainty Evaluation During the Use of Standard Test
  • Methods Whose Precision and Bias Are Known
  • Measurement Uncertainty of Test Results When the Bias
  • and Precision of the Test Method Are Not Specified
  • Uncertainty Evaluation in Chemical Metrology
  • Uncertainty Considerations in Compliance Testing for
  • Conformity Assessment
  • ILAC Guidelines on Compliance Assessment and
  • Reporting
  • Compliance Testing for Electromagnetic Interference
  • Chapter 12 Measurement Uncertainty Considerations
  • in Calibration Laboratories
  • Calibration Uncertainty and Related Issues
  • Calibration Results: Uncertainty Requirements
  • The Uncertainty of the Calibration Process and the
  • Test Uncertainty Ratio
  • The Effect of an Increase in Uncertainty on the
  • Compliance Decision
  • Assigning Values to Reference Standards: The Use of
  • Trend Charts
  • Examples of the Drawing and Interpretation of Trend
  • Charts
  • The Advantages of Using Trend Charts for Reference
  • Standards
  • Single Measurement Uncertainty
  • Appendix A Area Under the Standard Normal
  • Probability Distribution Between the
  • Mean and Positive Values of z
  • Appendix B Values of t Factors from Student t
  • Distribution for Various Degrees of
  • Freedom and Confidence Levels
  • Appendix C Values of A2, Dr and D4 Factors for
  • Computing Control Chart Limiits
  • Appendix D Table 1 Repeatability Calculations:
  • Values of d2 and K
  • Table 2 Reproducibility Calculations:
  • Values of d2 and K2
  • Table 3 Part-to-Part Variatiom Calculations:
  • Values of d2 and K3
  • Appendix E Critical Range Factor f(n) for 95%
  • Confidence Level for Number of
  • Test Results n
  • Appendix F Glossary of Terms Used.

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