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Optical imaging and aberrations. Part 1, Ray geometrical optics /
This book discusses the characteristics of a diffraction image of an incoherent or a coherent object formed by an aberrated imaging system. Numerical results in aberrated imaging have been emphasized to maximize the practical use of the material. This new, second printing includes a number of update...
| Clasificación: | Libro Electrónico |
|---|---|
| Autor principal: | |
| Autor Corporativo: | |
| Formato: | Electrónico eBook |
| Idioma: | Inglés |
| Publicado: |
Bellingham, Wash. :
SPIE,
1998.
|
| Colección: | SPIE Press monograph ;
PM45. |
| Temas: | |
| Acceso en línea: | Texto completo |
Tabla de Contenidos:
- Chapter 1: Gaussian optics
- Introduction
- Foundations of geometrical optics
- Fermat's principle
- Laws of geometrical optics
- Optical path lengths of neighboring rays
- Malus-Dupin theorem
- Hamilton's point characteristic function and direction of a ray
- Gaussian imaging
- Introduction
- Sign convention
- Spherical refracting surface
- Gaussian imaging equation
- Focal lengths and refracting power
- Magnifications and Lagrange invariant
- Graphical imaging
- Newtonian imaging equation
- Thin lens
- Gaussian imaging equation
- Focal lengths and refracting power
- Undeviated ray
- Magnifications and Lagrange invariant
- Newtonian imaging equation
- Refracting systems
- Cardinal points and planes
- Gaussian imaging, focal lengths, and magnifications
- Nodal points
- Newtonian imaging equation
- Afocal systems
- Spherical reflecting surface (spherical mirror)
- Gaussian imaging equation
- Focal length and reflecting power
- Magnifications and Lagrange invariant
- Graphical imaging
- Newtonian imaging equation
- Paraxial ray tracing
- Refracting surface
- Thin lens
- Two thin lenses
- Thick lens
- Reflecting surface (mirror)
- Two-mirror system
- Catadioptric system: thin lens-mirror combination
- Two-ray Lagrange invariant
- Matrix approach to paraxial ray tracing and Gaussian optics
- Introduction
- System matrix
- Conjugate matrix
- System matrix in terms of Gaussian parameters
- Gaussian imaging equations
- References
- Problems.
- Chapter 2: Radiometry of imaging
- Introduction
- Stops, pupils, and vignetting
- Introduction
- Aperture stop, and entrance and exit pupils
- Chief and marginal rays
- Vignetting
- Size of an imaging element
- Telecentric aperture stop
- Field stop, and entrance and exit windows
- Radiometry of point sources
- Irradiance of a surface
- Flux incident on a circular aperture
- Radiometry of extended sources
- Lambertian surface
- Exitance of a Lambertian surface
- Radiance of a tube of rays
- Irradiance by a Lambertian surface element
- Irradiance by a Lambertian disc
- Radiometry of point object imaging
- Radiometry of extended object imaging
- Image radiance
- Pupil distortion
- Image irradiance: aperture stop in front of the system
- Image irradiance: aperture stop in back of the system
- Telecentric systems
- Throughput
- Condition for uniform image irradiance
- Concentric systems
- Photometry
- Photometric quantities and spectral response of the human eye
- Imaging by a human eye
- Brightness of a Lambertian surface
- Observing stars in the daytime
- Appendix: Radiance theorem
- References
- Problems.
- Chapter 3: Optical aberrations
- Introduction
- Wave and ray aberrations
- Definitions
- Relationship between wave and ray aberrations
- Defocus aberration
- Wavefront tilt
- Aberration function of a rotationally symmetric system
- Rotational invariants
- Power-series expansion
- Explicit dependence on object coordinates
- No explicit dependence on object coordinates
- Zernike circle-polynomial expansion
- Relationships between coefficients of power-series and
- Zernike-polynomial expansions
- Observation of aberrations
- Primary aberrations
- Interferograms
- Conditions for perfect imaging
- Imaging of a 3-D object
- Imaging of a 2-D transverse object
- Imaging of a 1-D axial object
- Linear coma and the sine condition
- Optical sine theorem
- Linear coma and offense against the sine condition
- Appendix A: Degree of approximation in eq. (3-11)
- Appendix B: Wave and ray aberrations: alternative definition and derivation
- References
- Problems.
- Chapter 4: Geometrical point-spread function
- Introduction
- Theory
- Application to primary aberrations
- Spherical aberration
- Coma
- Astigmatism and field curvature
- Distortion
- Balanced aberrations for minimum spot sigma
- Spot diagrams
- Aberration tolerance and golden rule of optical design
- References
- Problems.
- Chapter 5: Calculation of primary aberrations
- Refracting systems
- Introduction
- Spherical refracting surface with aperture stop at the surface
- On-axis point object
- Off-axis point object
- Aberrations with respect to Petzval image point
- Aberrations with respect to Gaussian image point
- Spherical refracting surface with aperture stop not at the surface
- On-axis point object
- Off-axis point object
- Aplanatic points of a spherical refracting surface
- Conic refracting surface
- Sag of a conic surface
- On-axis point object
- Off-axis point object
- General aspherical refracting surface
- Series of coaxial refracting (and reflecting) surfaces
- General imaging system
- Petzval curvature and corresponding field curvature wave aberration
- Relationship among Petzval curvature, field curvature, and astigmatism
- Wave aberration coefficients
- Aberration function in terms of Seidel sums or Seidel coefficients
- Effect of change in aperture stop position on the aberration function
- Change of peak aberration coefficients
- Illustration of the effect of aperture-stop shift on coma and distortion
- Aberrations of a spherical refracting surface with aperture stop not at the surface obtained from those with stop at the surface
- Thin lens
- Imaging relations
- Thin lens with spherical surfaces and aperture stop at the lens
- Petzval surface
- Spherical aberration and coma
- Aplanatic lens
- Thin lens with conic surfaces
- Thin lens with aperture stop not at the lens
- Field flattener
- Imaging relations
- Aberration function
- Plane-parallel plate
- Introduction
- Imaging relations
- Aberration function
- Chromatic aberrations
- Introduction
- Single refracting surface
- Thin lens
- General system: surface-by-surface approach
- General system: use of principal and focal points
- Chromatic aberrations as wave aberrations
- Symmetrical principle
- Pupil aberrations and conjuage-shift equations
- Introduction
- Pupil aberrations
- Conjugate-shift equations
- Invariance of image aberrations
- Simultaneous correction of aberrations for two or more object positions
- References
- Problems.
- Chapter 6: Calculation of primary aberrations: reflecting and catadioptric systems
- Introduction
- Conic reflecting surface
- Conic surface
- Imaging relations
- Aberration function
- Petzval surface
- Spherical mirror
- Aberration function and aplanatic points for arbitrary location of aperture stop
- Aperture stop at the mirror surface
- Aperture stop at the center of curvature of mirror
- Paraboloidal mirror
- Catadioptric systems
- Introduction
- Schmidt camera
- Bouwers-Maksutov camera
- Beam expander
- Introduction
- Gaussian parameters
- Aberration contributed by primary mirror
- Aberration contributed by secondary mirror
- System aberration
- Two-mirror astronomical telescopes
- Introduction
- Gaussian parameters
- Petzval surface
- Aberration contributed by primary mirror
- Aberration contributed by secondary mirror
- System aberration
- Classical Cassegrain and Gregorian telescopes
- Aplanatic Cassegrain and Gregorian telescopes
- Afocal telescope
- Couder anastigmatic telescopes
- Schwarzschild telescope
- Dall-Kirkham telescope
- Astronomical telescopes using aspheric plates
- Introduction
- Aspheric plate in a diverging object beam
- Aspheric plate in a converging image beam
- Aspheric plate and a conic mirror
- Aspheric plate and a two-mirror telescope
- References
- Problems.
- Chapter 7: Calculation of primary aberrations: perturbed optical systems
- Introduction
- Aberrations of a misaligned surface
- Decentered surface
- Tilted surface
- Despaced surface
- Aberrations of perturbed two-mirror telescopes
- Decentered secondary mirror
- Tilted secondary mirror
- Decentered and tilted secondary mirror
- Despaced secondary mirror
- Fabrication errors
- Refracting surface
- Reflecting surface
- System errors
- Error tolerance
- References
- Problems
- Bibliography
- Index.