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|a Machine derived contents note: Contents -- ABOUT THE AUTHORS vii -- PREFACE xv -- Chapter 1 THE SAFETY LIFECYCLE 1 -- Introduction, 1 -- Functional Safety, 1 -- Functional Safety Standards, 2 -- Safety Lifecycle, 5 -- Analysis Phase, 8 -- Realization Phase, 9 -- Operation Phase, 11 -- Benefits of the Safety Lifecycle, 12 -- Safety Lifecycle Adoption, 13 -- Exercises, 14 -- References and Bibliography 16 -- Chapter 2 SAFETY INSTRUMENTED SYSTEMS 19 -- Safety Instrumented Systems, 19 -- BPCS versus SIS, 20 -- SIS Engineering Requirements, 22 -- Safety Instrumented Function, 23 -- Exercises, 25 -- References and Bibliography 26 -- Chapter 3 EQUIPMENT FAILURE 27 -- Failure, 27 -- The Well-Designed System, 29 -- Failure Rate, 30 -- x Contents -- Time-Dependent Failure Rates, 30 -- Censored Data, 37 -- Confidence Factor, 38 -- Getting Failure Rate Data, 39 -- Exercises, 39 -- References and Bibliography 40 -- Chapter 4 BASIC RELIABILITY ENGINEERING 43 -- Measurements of Successful Operation -- No Repair, 43 -- Useful Approximations, 49 -- Measurements of Successful Operation-Repairable Systems, 50 -- Periodic Restoration and Imperfect Testing, 56 -- Exercises, 57 -- References and Bibliography 59 -- Chapter 5 SYSTEM RELIABILITY ENGINEERING 61 -- Introduction, 61 -- System Model Building, 61 -- Reliability Block Diagrams, 62 -- Series System, 62 -- Parallel System, 63 -- Fault Trees, 65 -- Fault Tree Symbols, 67 -- Comparison of the Reliability Block Diagram and the Fault -- Tree, 68 -- Fault Tree AND Gates, 69 -- Fault Tree OR Gates, 69 -- Approximation Techniques, 69 -- Common Mistake, 71 -- Markov Models, 74 -- Markov Solution Techniques, 75 -- Realistic Safety Instrumented System Modeling, 78 -- Exercises, 79 -- References and Bibliography 81 -- Chapter 6 EQUIPMENT FAILURE MODES 83 -- Introduction, 83 -- Equipment Failure Modes, 83 -- Fail-Safe, 85 -- Fail-Danger, 85 -- Annunciation, 86 -- No Effect, 86 -- Detected/Undetected, 86 -- SIF Modeling of Failure Modes, 86 -- Pfs/Pfd, 87 -- PFDavg, 87 -- Exercises, 88 -- Contents xi -- Chapter 7 SIF VERIFICATION PROCESS 89 -- The Conceptual Design Process, 89 -- Equipment Selection, 91 -- Redundancy, 94 -- SIF Testing Techniques, 96 -- Probabilistic Calculation Tools, 112 -- Verification Reports, 112 -- Exercises, 114 -- References and Bibliography 115 -- Chapter 8 GETTING FAILURE RATE DATA 117 -- Introduction, 117 -- Industry Failure Databases, 118 -- Product Specific Failure Data, 121 -- A Comparison of Failure Rates, 122 -- Comprehensive Failure Data Sources, 122 -- The Future of Failure Data, 122 -- Exercises, 126 -- References and Bibliography 127 -- Chapter 9 SIS SENSORS 129 -- Instrument Selection, 129 -- Diagnostic Annunciation, 129 -- Probabilistic Modeling of Sensors, 131 -- Pressure, 135 -- Temperature, 137 -- Level, 138 -- Flow, 140 -- Gas/Flame Detectors, 141 -- Burner Flame Detectors, 142 -- Miscellaneous, 143 -- Exercises, 143 -- References and Bibliography 144 -- Chapter 10 LOGIC SOLVERS 145 -- Introduction, 145 -- Relays/Pneumatic Logic, 145 -- Solid State / Intrinsically Safe Solid State, 146 -- Programmable Logic Controllers, 146 -- Safety Programmable Logic Controllers, 147 -- Probabilistic Modeling of the PLC, 150 -- Exercises, 154 -- References and Bibliography 154 -- xii Contents -- Chapter 11 SIS FINAL ELEMENTS 157 -- Final Elements, 157 -- The "Well Designed" Remote Actuated Valve, 158 -- Actuator Types, 159 -- Valve Failure Modes, 160 -- Valve Types, 162 -- Probabilistic Modeling, 165 -- Failure Rate Comparison, 166 -- Diagnostics and Annunciation, 166 -- Exercises, 171 -- References and Bibliography 171 -- Chapter 12 TYPICAL SIF SOLUTIONS 173 -- Introduction, 173 -- Typical SIL 2 Architecture, 180 -- Some Common Hardware Issues Relating to the Various -- Solutions for SIL1, SIL2, and SIL3 Systems, 188 -- References and Bibliography 188 -- Chapter 13 OIL AND GAS PRODUCTION FACILITIES 189 -- Introduction, 189 -- Overall System Description, 191 -- Individual Well Controls and Shutdowns, 191 -- High Line Pressure Safety Instrumented Function (SIF), 195 -- SIF PFDavg Calculation, 196 -- Alternative SIF Designs, 209 -- Exercises, 214 -- References and Bibliography 214 -- Chapter 14 CHEMICAL INDUSTRY 215 -- Introduction, 215 -- Reactor, 215 -- Exercise, 228 -- References and Bibliography 228 -- Chapter 15 COMBINED BPCS / SIS DESIGNS 229 -- Introduction, 229 -- Analysis Tasks, 229 -- Alternative Designs, 231 -- Detailed Analysis of Combination BPCS and SIS Systems, 236 -- Exercises, 237 -- References and Bibliography 238 -- Appendix A STATISTICS 239 -- Contents xiii -- Appendix B PROBABILITY 245 -- Appendix C FAULT TREES 257 -- Appendix D MARKOV MODELS 275 -- Appendix E FAILURE MODES EFFECTS AND DIAGNOSTIC ANALYSIS -- (Fmeda) 303 -- Appendix F SYSTEM ARCHITECTURES 315 -- Appendix G MODELING THE REPAIR PROCESS 357 -- Appendix H ANSWERS TO EXERCISES 367 -- Index 379 -- xv.
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