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The condensed handbook of measurement and control /
| Clasificación: | Libro Electrónico |
|---|---|
| Autor principal: | |
| Formato: | Electrónico eBook |
| Idioma: | Inglés |
| Publicado: |
Research Triangle Park, NC :
ISA,
©2007.
|
| Edición: | 3rd ed. |
| Temas: | |
| Acceso en línea: | Texto completo |
Tabla de Contenidos:
- Machine derived contents note: Table Of Contents
- Preface xvii
- Chapter 1 Introduction 1
- What Is Measurement and Control? 1
- Definitions 1
- Overview 1
- Historical Summary 2
- Handbook Structure 3
- Appendices 4
- Selecting Measurement and Control Devices 5
- Accuracy and Repeatability 9
- Chapter 2 Identification and Symbols 11
- Identification 11
- Instrument Line Symbols 15
- General Instrument or Function Symbols 16
- Chapter 3 Analyzers 21
- Overview 21
- Location 21
- Tagging 21
- Implementation 22
- Safety 24
- Code Compliance 24
- Selection 24
- Documentation 25
- Sampling Systems 26
- Enclosures 30
- Testing and Startup 34
- Maintenance 35
- Shipment and Delivery 36
- Comparison Table 36
- Amperometric 36
- Capillary Tube 36
- Catalytic 39
- Chemiluminescence 40
- Conductivity 41
- Electrochemical 43
- Flame Ionization Detector (FID) 44
- Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) 45
- Gas Chromatograph 46
- Infrared Absorption 48
- Mass Spectrometer 50
- Non-Dispersive Infrared (NDIR) 52
- Paper Tape 53
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- Paramagnetic 53
- pH 55
- Polarographic 62
- Radiation Absorption 62
- Rotating Disk Viscometer 64
- Thermal Conductivity Detector (TCD) 65
- Ultraviolet 66
- Vibrating U-tube 69
- X-Ray Fluorescence Spectroscopy (XRF) 70
- Zirconia Oxide Cell 71
- Chapter 4 Flow Measurement 73
- Overview 73
- Classification 73
- Measurement 74
- Accuracy 74
- General Application Notes 74
- Type of Fluid 75
- Velocity Profile 75
- Piping Considerations 76
- Line Size 77
- Measuring Solids 78
- Comparison Table 78
- Differential Pressure: General Information 78
- Differential Pressure: Orifice Plate 81
- Differential Pressure: Segmental Orifice Plate 82
- Differential Pressure: Integral Orifice Plate 83
- Differential Pressure: Venturi Tube 83
- Differential Pressure: Flow Nozzle 84
- Differential Pressure: Elbow 85
- Differential Pressure: Pitot Tube 85
- Magnetic 86
- Mass: Coriolis 88
- Mass: Thermal 89
- Turbine 90
- Positive Displacement 92
- Vortex Shedding 93
- Variable Area (Rotameter) 93
- Ultrasonic: Transit Time, Time of Travel, Time of Flight 95
- Ultrasonic: Doppler 96
- Weir and Flume 96
- Target 98
- Chapter 5 Level Measurement 99
- Overview 99
- Classification 99
- Load Cells 99
- Units of Measurement 100
- Measurement of Solids 100
- Comparison Table 100
- Differential Pressure (or Pressure/Static Head) 102
- Displacement 106
- Float 107
- Sonic/Ultrasonic 108
- Tape (Float and Tape) 109
- The Condensed Handbook of Measurement and Control 3rd Edition x
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- Weight and Cable 110
- Gage 110
- Radioactive (Nuclear) 111
- Bubbler (Dip Tube) 113
- Capacitance 114
- Conductivity 115
- Thermal 115
- Radar 115
- Beam Breakers 117
- Vibration 117
- Paddle Wheel 118
- Diaphragm 119
- Resistance Tape 119
- Laser 120
- Chapter 6 Pressure Measurement 123
- Overview 123
- Units of Measurement 124
- Gages 124
- Transmitters 124
- Filled Systems and Diaphragm Seals 124
- Installation 125
- Comparison Table 126
- Manometer 126
- Bourdon Tube, Diaphragm, and Bellows 127
- Capacitive Transducer 129
- Differential Transformer 129
- Force Balance 130
- Piezoelectric 131
- Potentiometer, Wheatstone Bridge 132
- Strain Gage: General Information 133
- Strain Gage: Unbonded 133
- Strain Gage: Bonded 134
- Strain Gage: Thin Film 134
- Strain Gage: Diffused Semiconductor 135
- Chapter 7 Temperature Measurement 137
- Overview 137
- Units of Measurement 137
- Classification 138
- Thermowells 138
- Comparison Table 139
- Filled System 139
- Bimetallic 141
- Thermocouple 142
- Resistance Temperature Detector (RTD) 146
- Noncontact Pyrometry 149
- Chapter 8 Control Loops 151
- Overview 151
- Control Modes 152
- On-Off Control 152
- Modulating Control 153
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- Control Types 154
- Feedback 154
- Cascade 155
- Ratio 155
- Feedforward 155
- Controller Tuning 156
- Automatic Tuning 159
- Manual Tuning 159
- Based-on-Experience Tuning 162
- Chapter 9 Programmable Electronic Systems 163
- Overview 163
- Components 163
- Centralized Control versus Distributed Control 165
- Control Room Instrumentation 167
- Programming Languages 171
- Fieldbus 175
- System Specification 177
- Operator Interface 181
- Special Design Considerations 185
- Network Topologies 188
- Transmission Media 190
- Selecting Vendors 191
- Testing 192
- Justification 192
- Benefits 193
- Implementation 195
- Maintenance 195
- Chapter 10 Alarm and Trip Systems 197
- Overview 197
- Fail-Safe and Deenergize-to-Trip 198
- Safety Integrity Level 198
- Elements 199
- Design 203
- Documentation 208
- Testing 209
- Commissioning and Pre-startup 216
- Management of Change 216
- Chapter 11 Control Centers 219
- Overview 219
- Design 219
- Physical Aspects 220
- Security 222
- Fire Protection 222
- Air Conditioning 223
- Electrical/Electronic Considerations 223
- Communication 224
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- Chapter 12 Enclosures 225
- Overview 225
- General Requirements 226
- Documentation 226
- Fabrication 227
- Protection and Rating 227
- Nameplates 227
- Electrical 230
- Pneumatics 231
- Temperature and Humidity Control 231
- Inspection and Testing 232
- Certification 232
- Shipping 232
- Chapter 13 Control Valves 233
- Overview 233
- Shutoff 233
- Noise 235
- Flashing and Cavitation 235
- Pressure Drop 235
- Installation 236
- The Cv 236
- Valve Bodies 237
- Rules of Thumb 237
- Cooling Fins (Radiating Bonnet) and Bonnet Extensions 238
- Bellows Seals and Packing 238
- Comparison Table 238
- Globe 238
- Diaphragm (Saunders) 243
- Ball 244
- Butterfly 245
- Eccentric Rotary Plug 246
- Trim 246
- Actuators 248
- Chapter 14 Engineering Design and Documentation 251
- Overview 251
- Front-end Engineering 251
- Detailed Engineering 251
- Document Quality 252
- Process and Instrumentation Diagrams (P & IDs) 253
- Control System Definition 255
- Logic Diagrams 258
- Process Data Sheets 263
- Instrument Index 265
- Instrument Specification Sheets 266
- Loop Diagrams 268
- Interlock Diagrams 270
- Manual for Programmable Electronic Systems 271
- PLC Program Documentation 273
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- Chapter 15 Installation 275
- Overview 275
- Code Compliance 275
- Scope of Work 275
- Installation Details 276
- Equipment Identification 277
- Equipment Storage 277
- Work Specifically Excluded 278
- Approved Products 278
- Pre-installation Testing 278
- Execution 279
- Wiring 279
- Tubing 281
- Checkout 284
- Chapter 16 Maintenance 285
- Overview 285
- Implementation 286
- Types of Maintenance 287
- Personnel 287
- Training 288
- Records 288
- Hazards 289
- General Hazards 289
- Hazardous Locations 290
- Confined Space 291
- Electrical Isolation 291
- Programmable Electronic Systems 292
- Alarm and Trip Systems 292
- Chapter 17 Calibration 293
- Overview 293
- Procedures 294
- Instrument Classification 295
- Class 1 Instruments 296
- Class 2 Instruments 296
- Class 3 Instruments 296
- Class 4 Instruments 296
- Calibration Sheets 297
- Chapter 18 Project Implementation and Management 301
- Overview 301
- Process Control 302
- 1st phase: 304
- 2nd phase: 304
- 3rd phase: 304
- Communication 305
- Standard and Code Compliance 305
- Control Strategy 306
- Plant Business Strategy 307
- Implementation of a New Control System 308
- Scheduling and Time Management 310
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- Cost Estimate 311
- Document Control 312
- Engineering 312
- Front-End Engineering 313
- Detailed Engineering 315
- Quality 316
- Purchasing Equipment 316
- Vendor Documents 317
- Training 317
- Equipment Installation 318
- Commissioning 321
- Startup 321
- Project Closing 322
- Chapter 19 Decision-making Tools 323
- Overview 323
- Auditing 324
- The Auditing Function 325
- History, Frequency, and Record of Audits 329
- Auditing of Management 330
- Auditing of Engineering Records 330
- Auditing of Maintenance 331
- Auditing of Process Control Systems 332
- Evaluation of Plant Needs 332
- The Brainstorming Session 332
- The Evaluation of Ideas 334
- Issuance of the Report 335
- Justification 335
- Hurdles in the Justification Process 337
- Cost Justification 337
- Costs
- The Bottom Line 338
- Cost Justification 340
- Justification Follow-up 341
- System Evaluation 342
- Chapter 20 Road to Consulting 347
- Overview 347
- Types of Consulting Services 349
- Types of services 350
- Basic Tools 351
- Marketing 351
- Defining your service 352
- Indentifying your market 352
- Selecting a marketing method 353
- From Proposal to Purchase Order 354
- Inquiry Received 354
- Meeting with the client 354
- Proposal submitted 355
- Purchase order received 355
- Fees 356
- Daily/hourly rate contract + expenses 356
- Fixed-Price Contracts 357
- Performance Contracts 357
- Maintaining client relationships 358
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