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Steel forgings : design, production, selection, testing, and application /

Detalles Bibliográficos
Clasificación:	Libro Electrónico
Autor principal:	Nisbett, Edward G.
Formato:	Electrónico eBook
Idioma:	Inglés
Publicado:	West Conshohocken, PA : ASTM International, ©2005.
Colección:	ASTM manual series ; MNL 53.
Temas:	Steel forgings. Pièces forgées en acier. TECHNOLOGY & ENGINEERING > Technical & Manufacturing Industries & Trades. Handbooks
Acceso en línea:	Texto completo

Tabla de Contenidos:

Machine derived contents note: Contents
Chapter 1: Introduction: Why Steel Forgings? 1
Chapter 2: Why Use Forgings? 5
Steel Plate 5
Hot Rolled Bar 5
Steel Castings 5
Steel Forgings 6
Chapter 3: Effect of Steel Making 15
Steel Refining 15
Ladle Refining Furnace 16
Vacuum Degassing 16
Steel Cleanliness and Inclusion Shape Control 19
Chapter 4: Forging Ingots 20
Vacuum Arc Remelting 20
Electroslag Remelting 21
Ingot Mold Design, Ingot Production and Segregation 22
Forging Stock 22
Chapter 5: Types of Forging 24
Open Die Forging 24
Closed Die Forging 25
Extrusions 25
Rotary Forging Machines 26
Ring Rolling 27
Forging Reduction 27
Chapter 6: Heating for Forging 32
Heat to Forge Furnaces 32
Reheating 33
Induction Heating 33
Chapter 7: Post Forge Practices 34
Chapter 8: Machining 36
Grinding 37
Chapter 9: Heat Treatment 40
Annealing 40
Micro-Alloyed Forgings 40
Carbon and Alloy Steel Forgings 40
Heat Treatment Equipment 41
Furnaces 41
Batch Furnaces 42
Horizontal Furnaces 42
Vertical Furnaces 42
Continuous Furnaces 43
Induction Heating 43
Controlled Atmosphere/Vacuum Furnaces 43
Cooling/Quench Facilities 43
Liquid Quenching 43
Water Quenching 43
Oil Quenching 45
Polymer Quenching 45
Polymer Concentrations 45
Spray Quenching 46
v
v
Alternate Heat Treatments 46
Heat Treatment Rigging 46
Hot Rigging 46
Cold Rigging 48
Tempering 50
Chapter 10: Mechanical Testing 53
Hardness Testing 54
Tension Testing 55
Impact Testing 57
Fracture Toughness Testing 57
Fatigue Testing 57
Chapter 11: Nondestructive Examination 59
Surface Examination 59
Visual Examination 59
Magnetic Particle Examination 60
Liquid Penetrant Examination 61
Volumetric Examination 62
In-Service Inspection 65
Chapter 12: Surface Treatment 66
Direct Hardening 66
Nitriding 67
Gas Nitriding 68
Ion Nitriding 69
Carburizing 69
Salt Bath Treatments 70
Chapter 13: Manufacturing Problems and Defects 72
Base Material Choice 72
Ingot Defects 72
Ingots Size and Choice 74
Billet/Bloom Size and Source 74
Heating for Forging 75
Induction Heating 76
Forging Operations and Sequence 76
Machining 76
Post Forge Handling/Heat Treatment 76
Chapter 14: A Word about ASTM International, Committee A01 on Steel, Stainless
Steel,
and Related Alloys, and General Requirement Specifications for Forgings 78
Writing Standards 78
ASTM International Steel Forging Standards 78
General Requirements Specifications 79
General Requirement Specifications for ASTM Steel Forging Specifications 79
A 788-04 Steel Forgings, General Requirements 79
Specification A 961/A 961M-04a Common Requirements for Steel Flanges, Forged Fittings,
Valves, and Parts for Piping Applications 82
Chapter 15: Steel Forgings for the Fittings Industry 84
A 105/A 105M-03, Carbon Steel Forgings for Piping Applications 84
A 181/A 181M-01, Carbon Steel Forgings for General Purpose Piping 85
A 182/A 182M-04, Forged or Rolled Alloy and Stainless Steel Pipe Flanges, Forged Fittings, and
Valves and Parts for High Temperature Service 86
A 350/A 350M-04a, Carbon and Low-Alloy Steel Forgings, Requiring Notch Toughness Testing
for Piping Components 86
A 522/A 522M-04, Forged or Rolled 8 and 9% Nickel Alloy Steel Flanges, Fittings, Valves, and
Parts for Low-Temperature Service 88
A 694/A 694M-00, Carbon and Alloy Steel Forgings for Pipe Flanges, Fittings, Valves, and
Parts for High-Pressure Transmission Service 89
A 707/A 707M-02, Forged Carbon and Alloy Steel Flanges for Low Temperature Service 89
A 727 / A 727M-00, Carbon Steel Forgings for Piping Components with Inherent Notch
Toughness 89
A 836/A 836M-02, Specification for Titanium-Stabilized Carbon Steel Forgings for Glass-Lined
Piping and Pressure Vessel Service 89
Chapter 16: Forging Related Test Methods 91
Magnetic Particle Examination 91
A 275/A 275M-98, Test Method for the Magnetic Particle Examination of Steel Forgings 91
A 966/A 966M-96, Magnetic Particle Examination of Steel Forgings Using Alternating Current 92
A 456/A 456M-99, Magnetic Particle Examination of Large Crankshaft Forgings 92
A 986/A 986M, Magnetic Particle Examination of Continuous Grain Flow Crankcase Forgings 93
Ultrasonic Examination 93
A 388/A 388M-04, Ultrasonic Examination of Heavy Steel Forgings 93
A 745/A 745M-94, Ultrasonic Examination of Austenitic Steel Forgings 95
A 418-99, Unltrasonic Examination of Turbine and Generator Steel Rotor Forgings 95
A 503/A 503M, Ultrasonic Examination of Forged Crankshafts 95
A 531/A 531M-91, Ultrasonic Examination of Turbine-Generator Steel Retaining Rings 96
A 939-96, Ultrasonic Examination from Bored Surfaces of Cylindrical Forgings 96
General Comments 96
Portable Hardness Testing Standards 96
A 833, Indentation Hardness of Metallic Materials by Comparison Hardness Testers 96
A 956-02, Leeb Hardness Testing of Steel Products 97
Other Portable Hardness Testing Methods 98
Heat Stability Testing 98
A 472-98, Heat Stability of Steam Turbine shafts and Rotor Forgings 98
Macro Structure Tests 99
A 604-93, Macroetch Testing of Consumable Electrode Remelted Steel Bars and Billets 99
Chapter 17: Steel Forgings for the Pressure Vessel Industry 100
A 266/A 266M-03, Carbon Steel Forgings for Pressure Vessel Components 100
A 336/A 336M-04, Alloy Steel Forgings for Pressure and High Temperature Parts 101
A 372/A 372M-03, Carbon and Alloy Steel Forgings for Thin Walled Pressure Vessels 102
A 508/A 508M-04b, Quenched and Tempered Vacuum Treated Carbon and Alloy Steel
Forgings for Pressure Vessels 103
Chemical Composition of Actual Grade 2 Forgings 103
Forging Dimensions 103
Heat Treatment 104
Nil Ductility Test Temperature (Per ASTM Specification E 208) 104
A 541/A 541M-95, Quenched and Tempered Alloy Steel Forgings for Pressure Vessel
Components 104
A 592/A 592M-04, High Strength Quenched and Tempered Low-Alloy Steel Forged Fittings
and Parts for Pressure Vessels 105
A 649/A 649M-04, Forged Steel Rolls Used for Corrugating Paper Machinery 105
A 723/A 723M-03, Alloy Steel Forgings for High-Strength Pressure Component Application 106
A 765/A 765M-01, Carbon Steel and Low Alloy Steel Pressure Vessel Component Forgings with
Mandatory Toughness Requirements 107
A 859/A 859M-04, Age Hardening Alloy Steel Forgings for Pressure Vessel Components 108
A 965/A 965M-02, Steel Forgings, Austenitic, for Pressure and High Temperature Parts 108
Chapter 18: Steel Forgings for Turbines and Generators 109
A 288-91, Carbon and Alloy Steel Forgings for Magnetic Retaining Rings for Turbine
Generators 109
A 289/A 289M-97, Alloy Steel Forgings for Nonmagnetic Retaining Rings for Generators 109
A 469/A 469M-04, Vacuum-Treated Steel Forgings for Generator Rotors 109
A 470-03, Vacuum-Treated Carbon and Alloy Steel Forgings for Turbine Rotors and Shafts 111
A 471-94, Vacuum-Treated Alloy Steel Forgings for Turbine Rotor Disks and Wheels 113
A 768-95, Vacuum-Treated 12% Chromium Alloy Steel Forgings for Turbine Rotors and Shafts 113
A 891-98, Precipitation Hardening Iron Base Superalloy Forgings for Turbine Rotor Disks and Wheels 113
A 940-96, Vacuum Treated Steel Forgings, Alloy, Differentially Heat Treated, for Turbine Rotors 113
A 982-00, Steel Forgings, Stainless, for Compressor and Turbine Airfoils 114
Chapter 19: Steel Forgings for General Industry 115
A 290-02, Carbon and Alloy Steel Forgings for Rings for Reduction Gears 115
A 291-03, Steel Forgings, Carbon and Alloy, for Pinions, Gears, and Shafts for Reduction Gears 116
A 427-02, Wrought Alloy Steel Rolls for Cold and Hot Reduction 116
A 504/A 504M-04, Wrought Carbon Steel Wheels
116
A 521/A 521M-04, Steel, Closed-Impression Die Forgings for General Industrial Use 117
A 551-94, Steel Tires 117
A 579/A 579M-04a, Superstrength Alloy Steel Forgings 117
A 646/A 646M-04, Premium Quality Alloy Steel Blooms and Billets for Aircraft and Aerospace Forgings 118
A 668/A 668M-04, Steel Forgings, Carbon and Alloy for General Industrial Use 118
A711/A711M-04, Steel Forging Stock 119
A 729/A 729M-05, Alloy Steel Axles, Heat-Treated, for Mass Transit and Electric Railway
Service 119
A 837/A837M-03, Steel Forgings, Alloy for Carburizing Applications 120
A 909-03, Steel Forgings, Microalloy, for General Industrial Use 120
A 983/A 983M-04, Continuous Grain Flow Forged Carbon and Alloy Steel Crankshafts for
Medium Speed Diesel Engines 120
A 1021-02, Martensitic Stainless Steel Forgings and Forging Stock for High Temperature
Service 122
Chapter 20: The Role of the Purchaser 124
Chapter 21: Forging Failure Analysis 126
Forging 126
Hydrogen Damage 126
Fatigue 127
Chapter 22: Postscript
131.

Steel forgings : design, production, selection, testing, and application /

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