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Cosmic magnetic fields /
Magnetic fields are important in the Universe and their effects contain the key to many astrophysical phenomena that are otherwise impossible to understand. This book presents an up-to-date overview of this fast-growing topic and its interconnections to plasma processes, astroparticle physics, high...
| Clasificación: | Libro Electrónico |
|---|---|
| Autor principal: | |
| Formato: | Electrónico eBook |
| Idioma: | Inglés |
| Publicado: |
Cambridge :
Cambridge University Press,
2016.
|
| Colección: | Cambridge astrophysics series ;
53. |
| Temas: | |
| Acceso en línea: | Texto completo |
Tabla de Contenidos:
- Cover
- Half-title
- Series information
- Title page
- Copyright information
- Dedication
- Table of contents
- Preface
- 1 A brief history and background
- 1.1 Overview of some early results and concepts
- 1.2 Observational techniques and results: past, present, and future prospects
- References
- 2 Methods for probing magnetic fields in diffuse astrophysical plasmas
- 2.1 Introduction
- 2.2 Some basics of polarised EM waves
- 2.3 Zeeman splitting of spectral lines
- 2.4 Polarisation of optical starlight and dust radiation as a probe of interstellar fields
- 2.5 Radio telescope techniques for polarimetry
- 2.6 Faraday rotation
- 2.6.1 Faraday rotation combined with independent thermal electron densities
- 2.6.2 When is Faraday rotation negligible?
- 2.7 The concept of Faraday depth and magnetic field probes in the 3rd dimension
- 2.7.1 Idealised models
- 2.7.2 Faraday rotation in cosmic radio sources
- 2.8 The Crab Nebula as a 3-D Faraday synthesis model
- 2.9 Some instrumental and measurement effects involved in Faraday rotation imaging
- 2.10 Faraday tomography to model magnetic structures in the 3rd dimension
- 2.11 Total energy and magnetic field estimates for synchrotron-radiating clouds
- 2.12 Prospects for magnetic field measurement in other energy bands
- 2.12.1 Far ultraviolet and X-ray observations
- 2.12.2 Extragalactic fields, high energy cosmic rays, and?-rays
- References
- 3 Mechanisms for magnetic field generation and regeneration
- 3.1 Introduction
- 3.2 Some basic equations and the magnetic induction equation
- 3.3 Battery processes and seed fields
- 3.3.1 General comments
- 3.3.2 Gas dynamics and the Biermann battery effect
- 3.4 The role of cosmic ray pressure in galactic magnetic fields
- 3.5 Magnetic reconnection
- 3.5.1 Introduction and early insights.
- 3.5.2 Particle acceleration in reconnection configurations
- 3.5.3 Reconnection studies in the Earth's near-space
- 3.5.4 Ion and electron acceleration in reconnection zones
- 3.5.5 Reconnection in 3-D and the role of advanced computer simulations
- 3.6 Effects of neutral gas
- References
- 4 Galactic ''microcosms'' of extragalactic magnetic systems
- 4.1 Introductory comments
- 4.2 The Sun
- 4.2.1 Magnetic fields in the Solar tachocline
- 4.2.2 Magnetic phenomena above the photosphere
- 4.2.3 Magnetic processes in the outer Solar wind
- 4.3 Magnetic fields in other stars
- 4.3.1 Brief overview of stellar magnetic field measurements
- 4.3.2 Dynamical and magnetic effects in stars compared
- 4.3.3 Magnetic flux removal by stellar jets
- 4.4 Jets from Galactic stars
- 4.5 Molecular clouds and the role of magnetic fields in star formation
- 4.5.1 Observations and numbers
- 4.5.2 Summary
- 4.6 The generation and regeneration of magnetic fields in supernova remnants
- 4.6.1 The Crab Nebula and other plerion-type supernova remnants
- 4.6.2 Magnetic fields and CR energisation in shell-type supernova remnants
- 4.6.3 Electron acceleration by lower hybrid waves
- 4.7 A magnetised jet in the Galactic centre
- References
- 5 Magnetic field configurations in large galaxies
- 5.1 Introduction
- 5.1.1 Some specific questions and puzzles
- 5.1.2 Instrumental capabilities
- 5.2 Our Milky Way
- a spiral galaxy from within
- 5.2.1 Basic features of the large scale magnetic structure
- 5.2.2 Magnetic field structure within the Galactic disc
- 5.2.3 Magnetic field strength variation with Galactocentric radius
- 5.3 Magnetic structures of spiral galaxies
- 5.3.1 Magnetic structure in ''grand design'' spiral galaxies
- 5.3.2 Off-plane and 3-D galaxy halo field configurations.
- 5.3.3 Optical polarisation as a magnetic field tracer in galaxies
- 5.4 Some dynamical and energetic aspects of galaxies
- 5.5 Basic principles of the galactic?-? dynamo
- 5.5.1 A very brief history
- 5.5.2 Some basics of the mean field galactic dynamo theory
- 5.5.3 Some simple solutions to the Mean Field Dynamo Equation
- 5.5.4 Some limitations of galactic mean field dynamo theory
- 5.5.5 Modifications of the galactic dynamo when incorporating disc outflow
- 5.5.6 The régime of very strong stellar/SN-driven galactic outflows
- References
- 6 Magnetic field outflow from dwarf and starburst galaxies
- 6.1 Introduction
- 6.2 Star formation in galaxies and associated magnetised outflows
- 6.2.1 Outflows measured in edge-on galaxies
- 6.2.2 Magnetic fields in strong outflows and ''starbursts''
- 6.2.3 Magnetic structures in dwarf galaxies
- 6.2.4 Summary of the star-driven magnetic outflow story
- 6.2.5 Could a galaxy self-seed its own large scale magnetic field?
- 6.2.6 Magnetic amplification within outflow winds due to strongly shearing flows
- 6.3 IGM seeding due to ''conventional'' stellar processes in galaxies
- References
- 7 Extragalactic jets and lobes
- I
- 7.1 How much energy and from where?
- 7.1.1 Some background and earlier history
- 7.1.2 What creates the collimated high energy flows?
- 7.2 Jets as electromagnetically driven systems
- 7.3 Representative model simulations of radio lobes fed by a Poynting flux jet
- 7.3.1 Examples of computational frameworks
- 7.3.2 Extensions to classical, non-relativistic MHD simulations
- 7.3.3 Non-relativistic MHD simulations of a ''magnetic tower'', Poynting flux-dominated jet
- 7.3.4 Instabilities and disruption in magnetic tower jets and lobes
- 7.4 Tests of kpc scale jet-lobe systems in different environments.
- 7.4.1 Radio lobes: The importance of magnetic pressure and stability
- 7.4.2 Galaxy cluster bubble tests for the role of magnetism in BH-powered radio/X-ray lobes
- 7.5 Some specific ideas on extraction of magnetic energy at the central BH
- 7.5.1 General comments
- 7.6 Electromagnetic extraction of collimated power flow at the black hole
- 7.7 Another concept: Extraction of BH energy from the inner accretion disc, outside the ergosphere
- 7.8 Summary of two SMBH jet models
- 7.9 Simulations of protostellar jets
- References
- 8 Extragalactic jets and lobes
- II. More on magnetic energy flows into the IGM from galaxy nuclei
- 8.1 Introduction
- 8.2 An electric circuit model for energy flow from a supermassive black hole
- 8.2.1 Analogy of an electrical circuit
- 8.2.2 Observational manifestations of the energy dissipation
- 8.3 Plasma parameter estimates for a ''typical'' BH-driven jet-lobe system outside of a large galaxy cluster
- 8.3.1 3C303
- a case study of a well-studied, moderately powerful radio galaxy
- 8.3.2 What causes a jet's sudden disruption?
- 8.3.3 Milli-arcsecond jet structures close to the black hole progenitor
- 8.4 Extragalactic jets as transmission lines and CR accelerators
- 8.4.1 Jets as analogues of a transmission line
- 8.4.2 Particle acceleration in jets
- 8.5 Probes of the internal gas physics in magnetised radio lobes and halos
- 8.5.1 Test for the relative lobe-internal energies in relativistic electrons and magnetic fields using Inverse Compton scattered CMB photons
- 8.5.2 Magnetic field deduced from self-Compton and synchrotron emission in radio hotspots
- 8.5.3 Faraday rotation, depolarisation,?B, and nth in radio lobes
- 8.6 SMBH masses and magnetisation of the IGM
- 8.7 Some basic calculations relating to BH-powered outflow.
- 8.8 Observational/experimental quantification of BH energy output to the IGM
- 8.9 Implications of constraints imposed by the energy gap in Fig. 8.2
- 8.10 Additional calculations of global energy release from galactic BHs into the IGM and estimates of the photon energy component
- 8.10.1 The average mass density of central galactic black holes
- 8.10.2 Global estimates of magnetic energy density from galaxies
- 8.11 Some consequences of ''captured'' energy release from galactic BHs
- 8.12 Summary of some questions
- References
- 9 Magnetic fields associated with clusters and groups of galaxies
- 9.1 Introduction
- 9.1.1 Prologue to intracluster gas studies
- 9.1.2 Early radio and optical indications of an ICM
- 9.1.3 Introduction
- 9.1.4 A single dominant BH-powered source for the Coma Cluster's enhanced radio halo?
- 9.1.5 Overview of the causes of the cluster halo emission
- 9.2 Methods for probing galaxy cluster magnetic fields
- 9.2.1 General
- 9.2.2 Two-dimensional RM mapping of a single cluster using background radio sources
- 9.2.3 A statistical RM probe by ''stacking'' many clusters
- 9.2.4 Multiple source 2-D Faraday rotation mapping over a single cluster
- 9.2.5 Deduction of the ICM magnetic field strength from?RM (?,?) for varying model cluster parameters
- 9.2.6 Further prospects for 3-D magnetic probes of clusters
- 9.3 Magnetic fields and cluster cooling
- 9.4 Energy components of the intracluster medium (ICM)
- 9.5 Regeneration and amplification of magnetic fields in the intracluster medium
- 9.5.1 Scenarios before and after cluster formation that influence the magnetic state of the intracluster medium
- 9.5.2 Field regeneration in merger-driven shocks and turbulence
- 9.5.3 Comments on injection of magnetic fields into the ICM by galactic supermassive black holes.