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Marine pollution : what everyone needs to know /
Marine pollution occurs today in varied forms--chemical, industrial, and agricultural-and the sources of pollution are endless. In recent history, we''ve seen oil spills, untreated sewage, eutrophication, invasive species, heavy metals, acidification, radioactive substances, marine litter,...
| Clasificación: | Libro Electrónico |
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| Autor principal: | |
| Formato: | Electrónico eBook |
| Idioma: | Inglés |
| Publicado: |
Oxford ; New York :
Oxford University Press,
[2015]
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| Colección: | What everyone needs to know.
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| Temas: | |
| Acceso en línea: | Texto completo |
Tabla de Contenidos:
- 1. Introduction to the Marine Environment and Pollution
- What is the marine environment?
- What are some basics of marine ecosystems and food webs?
- Why is there concern about the state of the oceans?
- What is a contaminant? Is there a difference between a contaminant and a pollutant?
- What are the major sources of pollution in the marine environment?
- What are the major ways that land-based pollutants enter the marine environment?
- Which pollutants enter the ocean from the air?
- Can objects in the water cause pollution?
- How can aquaculture cause pollution?
- Once in the water, what happens to the pollutants?
- How do chemicals get into marine animals?
- What is toxicity?
- What effects can pollutants have besides killing living things?
- How is the degree of toxicity measured?
- How can field studies be used to understand toxicity?
- Why are some species more sensitive to pollution man others?
- What laws regulate marine pollution?
- Why are some contaminants that have been banned still a problem?
- How extensive and severe is marine pollution around the world?
- 2. Nutrients
- Why are nutrients considered pollutants, since they are required for life?
- Where do the nutrients come from?
- How does a sewage treatment plant work?
- What is Combined Sewer Overflow (CSO)?
- What are Concentrated Animal Feeding Operations (CAFOs)?
- What effects do excess nutrients have, or what is eutrophication?
- What effects are seen in seagrasses?
- What effects are seen in coral reefs?
- What is a dead zone?
- Can excess nutrients damage salt marshes?
- How widespread is eutrophication?
- What are Harmful Algal Blooms (HABs)?
- What are some harmful algal species?
- How widespread is their occurrence?
- What can be done to reduce farm runoff?
- What can be done to reduce runoff from cities and suburbs?
- What can be done about combined sewer overflow?
- What techniques in the water can reduce effects of eutrophication?
- What is the prognosis for eutrophication in the future?
- 3. Marine Debris
- Why is marine debris so abundant?
- Where does marine debris come from?
- What are the major constituents of debris?
- What happens to the plastic? Does it break down?
- How is debris in the ocean measured?
- How much is there?
- Why does debris accumulate in large patches in the middle of the ocean?
- Where else does debris accumulate?
- Granted it is ugly, but can the litter harm marine life?
- What problems are caused by derelict fishing gear?
- What are the biggest pieces of marine litter?
- Can marine debris harm people?
- What can be done about it? Can cleanups be effective?
- What about public education?
- Are there laws to reduce marine litter?
- Can new technologies reduce the problems of marine debris?
- 4. Oil and Related Chemicals.
- What are the components of oil?
- What are polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs)?
- What are the major sources of oil in the ocean?
- What happens to the oil after it is spilled?
- What happened with the Exxon Valdez?
- What were the causes of the accident?
- What actions were taken after the spill to protect shorelines?
- How was the spill cleaned up?
- Have there been some resulting policy changes to prevent future spills?
- What happened with the well blowout in the Gulf of Mexico?
- What responses were taken?
- Why was the use of dispersants so controversial?
- What happened to the oil and dispersants?
- What were the overall impacts to the ecology of the Gulf?
- What happens when oil reaches shorelines?
- How does oil harm marine birds and mammals?
- What kinds of toxic effects does oil produce in other marine animals?
- How long do effects of oil spills last?
- Can oiled birds and sea otters be rehabilitated?
- How can oil spills be cleaned up?
- What are the trends in oil spills over the decades?
- 5. Metals
- What are the major sources of metal pollutants?
- What are some highly mercury-contaminated sites?
- How does the chemical form of the metal affect what it does?
- Where do metals concentrate in the environment?
- What are the toxic effects of different metals?
- What can organisms do to defend themselves against metal toxicity?
- Can elevated levels of metals in seafood be a risk to humans?
- What are the trends in metal pollution?
- What can be done to reduce metal pollution?
- What is natural attenuation?
- What is capping?
- What is Confined Aquatic Disposal (CAD)?
- What is bioremediation of metals?
- What is phytoremediation?
- 6. Pesticides and Industrial Organic Chemicals
- What are the sources of pesticides to the marine environment?
- What happens to these chemicals after they enter the water?
- What is the importance of the book Silent Spring?
- What are some newer types of pesticides?
- What are "third-generation" pesticides?
- How are pesticides regulated?
- What is integrated pest management?
- What are the effects of pesticides on nontarget organisms?
- What is endocrine disruption?
- What are biomarkers?
- What kinds of population level effects can be produced?
- What community level effects can be produced?
- What can marine organisms to do defend themselves against toxic effects?
- What are the trends in pesticide contamination?
- What are polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs)?
- How did PCBs get into the marine environment?
- What are Dioxins?
- How do they get into the marine environment?
- What effects do they have?
- Can PCBs or dioxins be a risk to people who eat seafood?
- What can be done about organic chemical pollution?
- 7. Emerging Concerns
- What other types of contaminants are we beginning to learn about?
- Why are pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) a concern?
- What can be done about PPCPs?
- What are polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and why are they a concern in the marine environment?
- What is the problem with fluorinated compounds?
- What is the concern about alkylphenols?
- What are nanoparticles and what is the concern about them?
- Are existing regulations adequate to protect against harm to marine life, wildlife, and humans by these new chemicals? Are there any technological improvements?
- What is Noise pollution?
- What types of noise occur in the ocean?
- What effects are produced by noise pollution?
- What can be done about noise pollution?
- Are there concerns about radioactivity in the marine environment?
- What is tight pollution?
- What can be done about light pollution?
- 8. Bioaccumulation and Biomagnification
- What is bioaccumulation and what is biomagnification?
- What happens once a metal is taken up into an organism?
- Where and how are metals stored in organisms?
- How are organic contaminants taken up by organisms?
- How do organisms metabolize organic contaminants?
- Which marine organisms are good sentinels for bioaccumulation and biomagnification of chemicals?
- What are safety issues for humans who consume seafood that may be contaminated?
- What is Minamata disease?
- Are there any concerns about mercury pollution in seafood today?
- Can metal pollution be found in calcium supplements derived from oyster shells?
- What problems can result from eating seafood containing organic contaminants?
- Can dioxin contamination be found in seafood?
- Can contaminants be found in fish oil supplements?
- How can eating fish or shellfish that have accumulated HAB toxins cause disease?
- What is Paralytic shellfish poisoning (PSP)?
- What is diarrhetic shellfish poisoning (DSP)?
- What is neurotoxic shellfish poisoning (NSP)?
- What is amnesic shellfish poisoning (ASP)?
- What is Ciguatera?
- How can the incidence of poisoning by marine toxins be reduced?
- 9. Climate Change and Ocean Acidification
- What causes global warming or climate change?
- What problems are happening or expected to happen in the marine environment because of climate change?
- Why are coral reefs particularly vulnerable?
- What happens in polar regions?
- Can climate change affect the distribution of species?
- Can climate change have effects on aquaculture?
- Can climate change affect the size of animals?
- Can climate change affect predator/prey interactions?
- What effects can happen from sea level rise?
- Why is sea level rising faster than was predicted?
- What can be done about sea level rise?
- What is pH?
- What is ocean acidification?
- What effects are produced by ocean acidification?
- Hasn't ocean pH changed in the past? Why is this different? Will marine organisms be able to adapt?
- Which species are most threatened by ocean acidification?
- How can organisms protect themselves against effects of warming and acidification?
- What economic effects could result from Ocean Acidification?
- What can we do to mitigate effects of ocean acidification?
- 10. Biological Pollution
- Where does microbial pollution come from?
- How is microbial pollution detected?
- What kind of diseases may result from exposure?
- How can people know if it is safe to swim at their favorite beach?
- What are invasive species?
- How do they get to new locations?
- What are some invasive marine fishes and what harm do they do?
- What are some invasive jellies and what harm do they do?
- What are some invasive crabs and what harm do they do?
- What are some invasive sedentary attached organisms and what harm do they do?
- What are some invasive seaweeds and what harm do they do?
- What are some invasive marsh plants and what ham) do they do?
- Can an alien species do some good?
- What can be done to prevent new invasive species from arriving?
- What can be done after an invasive species has arrived?
- What can be done after a species has become abundant?
- Can invasive species be controlled by eating them?
- 11. Regulating and Reducing Pollution
- What is the Ocean Health Index?
- What is the Law of the Sea?
- What is MARPOL?
- What is the London Convention?
- What national laws in the United States promote clean water?
- What is Noaa's Role in the United States?
- How does the European Union regulate marine pollution?
- What are some success stories?
- How can we reduce pollution from aquaculture?
- What is "Green Chemistry?"
- Since climate change is such a major threat, are there any effective national and international policies to curb it?
- What steps can local and state governments take to reduce pollution?
- What actions can individual citizens take to reduce marine pollution?
- What are the overall status and trends of marine pollution?