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Parameterization schemes : keys to understanding numerical weather prediction models /
Reference on numerical weather prediction for academic researchers, meteorologists, and graduate students.
| Clasificación: | Libro Electrónico |
|---|---|
| Autor principal: | |
| Formato: | Electrónico eBook |
| Idioma: | Inglés |
| Publicado: |
Cambridge :
Cambridge University Press,
2007.
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| Temas: | |
| Acceso en línea: | Texto completo |
Tabla de Contenidos:
- Cover; PARAMETERIZATION SCHEMES: KEYS TO UNDERSTANDING NUMERICAL WEATHER PREDICTION MODELS; Title; Copyright; Dedication; Contents; Preface; List of principal symbols and abbreviations; 1 Why study parameterization schemes?; 1.1 Introduction; 1.2 Model improvements; 1.3 Motivation; 1.4 Question; 2 Land surface-atmosphere parameterizations; 2.1 Introduction; 2.2 Overview of the surface energy budget; 2.2.1 Incoming solar radiation (QS); 2.2.2 Albedo (a); 2.2.3 Longwave upwelling radiation (QLu); 2.2.4 Longwave downwelling radiation (QLd); 2.2.5 Sensible heat flux (QH).
- 2.2.6 Latent heat flux (QE)2.2.7 Ground heat flux (QG); 2.3 Net radiation; 2.3.1 Incoming solar radiation; 2.3.2 Upwelling longwave radiation; 2.3.3 Downwelling longwave radiation; 2.4 Sensible heat flux; 2.5 Latent heat flux; 2.5.1 Moisture availability; 2.5.2 Penman-Monteith approach; 2.5.3 Priestley-Taylor approach; 2.6 Ground heat flux; 2.6.1 Frozen soil; 2.7 Surface energy budget equation; 2.8 Representation of terrain; 2.9 Discussion; 2.10 Questions; 3 Soil-vegetation-atmosphere parameterizations; 3.1 Introduction; 3.1.1 Biophysical control of evapotranspiration; 3.1.2 Momentum transfer.
- 3.1.3 Soil moisture availability3.1.4 Radiation; 3.1.5 Insulation; 3.2 Describing vegetation in models; 3.3 Describing soils in models; 3.4 Biophysical control of evapotranspiration; 3.4.1 Bare soil evaporation; 3.4.2 Canopy water evaporation; 3.4.3 Transpiration from vegetation; 3.4.4 Subgrid variability; 3.5 Momentum transfer; 3.6 Soil moisture availability; 3.7 Radiation; 3.8 Specifying soil temperature and soil moisture; 3.9 Discussion; 3.10 Questions; 4 Water-atmosphere parameterizations; 4.1 Introduction; 4.2 Observing sea surface temperature; 4.3 Sensible heat flux.
- 4.4 Latent heat flux4.5 Coupled ocean-atmosphere models; 4.6 Discussion; 4.7 Questions; 5 Planetary boundary layer and turbulence parameterizations; 5.1 Introduction; 5.2 Reynolds averaging; 5.3 Turbulence closure; 5.4 Non-local closure schemes; 5.4.1 Mixed layer schemes; 5.4.2 Penetrative convection scheme; 5.4.3 Non-local diffusion scheme; 5.5 Local closure schemes; 5.5.1 First-order closure scheme; 5.5.2 1.5-order local closure scheme; 5.5.3 Second-order closure scheme; 5.6 Turbulence and horizontal diffusion; 5.7 Discussion; 5.8 Questions; 6 Convective parameterizations; 6.1 Introduction.
- 6.2 Influences of deep convection on the environment6.3 Deep-layer control convective schemes; 6.3.1 Arakawa-Schubert convective scheme; 6.3.2 Betts-Miller convective scheme; 6.3.3 Kuo convective scheme; 6.4 Low-level control convective schemes; 6.4.1 Mass flux convective schemes; 6.4.2 Tiedtke convective scheme; 6.4.3 Gregory-Rowntree convective scheme; 6.4.4 Kain-Fritsch convective scheme; 6.4.5 Emanuel convective scheme; 6.5 Shallow convection; 6.6 Trigger functions; 6.7 Discussion; 6.8 Questions; 7 Microphysics parameterizations; 7.1 Introduction; 7.2 Particle types; 7.2.1 Cloud droplets.