Cargando…
Practical physics /
Practical Physics demonstrates the purposive and critical approach that should be made to all experimental work in physics. It does not describe a systematic course of experiments, but is intended as a companion to any undergraduate course of practical work. The text is in three parts. The first dea...
| Clasificación: | Libro Electrónico |
|---|---|
| Autor principal: | |
| Formato: | Electrónico eBook |
| Idioma: | Inglés |
| Publicado: |
Cambridge ; New York :
Cambridge University Press,
2001.
|
| Edición: | 4th ed. |
| Temas: | |
| Acceso en línea: | Texto completo |
Tabla de Contenidos:
- 1 Object of practical physics 1
- Part 1 Statistical Treatment of Data
- 2.1 Importance of estimating errors 5
- 2.2 Systematic and random errors 6
- 2.3 Systematic errors 8
- 3 Treatment of a single variable 9
- 3.2 Set of measurements 10
- 3.3 Distribution of measurements 10
- 3.4 Estimation of [sigma] and [sigma subscript m] 14
- 3.5 Gaussian distribution 18
- 3.6 Integral function 19
- 3.7 Error in the error 22
- 3.8 Discussion of the Gaussian distribution 22
- Summary of symbols, nomenclature, and important formulae 24
- 4 Further topics in statistical theory 27
- 4.1 Treatment of functions 27
- 4.2 Straight line--method of least squares 30
- 4.3 Straight line--points in pairs 36
- 4.4 Weighting of results 37
- Summary of equations for the best straight line by the method of least squares 39
- 5 Common sense in errors 43
- 5.1 Error calculations in practice 43
- 5.2 Complicated functions 46
- 5.3 Errors and experimental procedure 48
- Summary of treatment of errors 50
- Part 2 Experimental Methods
- 6 Some laboratory instruments and methods 55
- 6.2 Metre rule 55
- 6.3 Micrometer screw gauge 57
- 6.4 Measurement of length--choice of method 58
- 6.5 Measurement of length--temperature effect 61
- 6.6 Beat method of measuring frequency 62
- 6.7 Negative feedback amplifier 64
- 6.8 Servo systems 67
- 6.9 Natural limits of measurement 69
- 7 Some experimental techniques 73
- 7.1 Rayleigh refractometer 73
- 7.2 Measurement of resistivity 79
- 7.3 Absolute measurement of the acceleration due to the Earth's gravity 86
- 7.4 Measurement of frequency and time 94
- 7.5 Global Positioning System 98
- 8 Experimental logic 102
- 8.2 Apparent symmetry in apparatus 102
- 8.3 Sequence of measurements 103
- 8.4 Intentional and unintentional changes 104
- 8.5 Drift 105
- 8.6 Systematic variations 106
- 8.7 Calculated and empirical corrections 109
- 8.8 Relative methods 111
- 8.9 Null methods 113
- 8.10 Why make precise measurements? 114
- 9 Common sense in experiments 117
- 9.1 Preliminary experiment 117
- 9.2 Checking the obvious 118
- 9.3 Personal errors 119
- 9.4 Repetition of measurements 119
- 9.5 Working out results 121
- 9.6 Design of apparatus 122
- Part 3 Record and Calculations
- 10 Record of the experiment 125
- 10.2 Bound notebook versus loose-leaf 125
- 10.3 Recording measurements 126
- 10.4 Down with copying 126
- 10.5 Diagrams 127
- 10.7 Aids to clarity 130
- 10.8 Some common faults--ambiguity and vagueness 131
- 11 Graphs 133
- 11.1 Use of graphs 133
- 11.2 Choice of ruling 137
- 11.3 Scale 137
- 11.4 Units 138
- 11.5 Some hints on drawing graphs 138
- 11.6 Indicating errors 141
- 11.7 Sensitivity 142
- 12 Arithmetic 144
- 12.1 Arithmetic is important 144
- 12.2 Computers 144
- 12.3 Calculators 145
- 12.4 Ways of reducing arithmetical mistakes 145
- 12.5 Checking algebra 148
- 13 Writing a paper 152
- 13.2 Title 152
- 13.4 Plan of paper 153
- 13.5 Sections of paper 153
- 13.6 Diagrams, graphs, and tables 155
- 13.8 Clarity 156
- 13.9 Good English 156
- A Evaluation of some integrals connected with the Gaussian function 161
- B Variance of s[superscript 2] for a Gaussian distribution 164
- C Straight line--the standard error in the slope and intercept 166
- Comment on the dependence of m, c, and b 170
- D Binomial and Poisson distributions 171
- Binomial distribution 171
- Poisson distribution 173
- E X[superscript 2] distribution--test of goodness of fit 176
- Derivation of x[superscript 2] distribution 177
- Function P[subscript n](x[superscript 2]) 180
- Degrees of freedom 181
- Test of goodness of fit 182
- Worked examples 184
- F SI units 188
- Names and symbols 189
- Decimal factors 190
- Relation to c.g.s. units 190
- Definition of the SI base units 191
- G Values of physical constants 192
- H Mathematical tables 193
- Values of the Gaussian function and the Gaussian integral function 193
- Values of x[superscript 2] for given v and P 194.