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Einstein's relativity and beyond : new symmetry approaches /
"The purposes of this book are (1) to explore and expound relativity physics and 4-dimensional symmetry from the logically simplest viewpoint by making one single postulate instead of two: and (2) to indicate the simplest generalization of the Lorentz transformation in order to cope with frames...
| Clasificación: | Libro Electrónico |
|---|---|
| Autor principal: | |
| Formato: | Electrónico eBook |
| Idioma: | Inglés |
| Publicado: |
Singapore ; River Edge, NJ :
World Scientific,
©2000.
|
| Colección: | Advanced series on theoretical physical science ;
v. 7. |
| Temas: | |
| Acceso en línea: | Texto completo |
Tabla de Contenidos:
- Logical Connections of Relativity Theories with 4-Dimensional Symmetry xix
- 0a. Limitations of Special Relativity 1
- 0b. Question #1: Can the theory of relativity be formulated solely on the basis of the first principle of relativity (without assuming the constancy of the speed of light)? 2
- 0c. Question #2: Can one generalize the 4-dimensional transformation for inertial frames to non-inertial frames with a constant acceleration or rotation? In accelerated frames, the speed of light is no longer a universal constant; is the Planck constant still a universal constant? 4
- 0d. Question #3: Within the 4-dimensional symmetry framework of special relativity, it appears to be impossible, in principle, to generalize the classical Liouville equation for many-particle systems to a Lorentz invariant Liouville equation. Can we overcome this difficulty? 4
- 0e. Question #4: In view of the profound divergence difficulties in quantum field theory, is the spacetime 4-dimensional symmetry exact at very large momenta or short distances? 5
- 1. A Brief Review of Space and Time 9
- 1a. Space and Objects 9
- 1b. Time and Motion 11
- 1c. Inertial Frames of References 11
- 1d. Space and Time Transformations 13
- 1e. Absolute Time, Relative Time, Common Time and Taiji Time 14
- 2. Nontrivial Pursuit of Earth's Absolute Motion 19
- 2a. Newton, Classical Mechanics and Invariant Laws of Motion 19
- 2b. Maxwell's Suggestion for Finding Absolute Motion and Michelson's Interferometer 22
- 3. On the Right Track--Voigt, Lorentz and Larmor 27
- 3a. "Absolute Contraction of Length" and Lorentz's Heuristic Local Time 27
- 3b. Exact Transformations Discovered by Larmor and Lorentz 29
- 4. Poincare's Contributions and the Aether (Past and Present) 35
- 4a. A Remarkable Insight of Physical Time 35
- 4b. Poincare's Innovative Principle of Relativity 37
- 4c. Poincare's Theory of Relativity Based on 1 Postulate and 1 Definition 39
- 4d. Concept of an "Aether" Never Fades Away 46
- 4e. Conformal Transformations for Inertial Frames with Absolute Velocity and "Conformal 4-Dimensional Symmetry" with the Constant Speed of Light 48
- 4f. Poincare's Contributions to Relativity and Symmetry Principles 51
- 5. Young Einstein's Novel Creation Based on 2 Postulates 61
- 5a. Power of a Young Mind 61
- 5b. Einstein's Formulation of Special Relativity with 2 Postulates 62
- 5c. Derivation of the Lorentz Transformations 66
- 5d. Novel Relative Properties of Space and Time 68
- 5e. Physical Implications of Einstein's Special Relativity 71
- 5f. Einstein and Poincare 72
- 6. Minkowski's 4-Dimensional Spacetime, Adjustable Clocks and Flexibility in the Concept of Time 80
- 6a. Completion of Special Relativity by Minkowski's Idea of 4-Dimensional Spacetime 80
- 6b. Collision of the Titanic and Haywire Clocks 82
- 6c. Primacy of the 4-Dimensional Symmetry 83
- 6d. A Flexible Concept of Time 83
- 7. Taiji Relativity Based Solely on 1 Principle--the First Principle of Relativity 87
- 7a. Refreshingly Innocent Questions 87
- 7b. 4-Dimensional Taiji Transformations 88
- 7c. Taiji Time and Clock Systems 90
- 7d. Taiji Velocity Transformations 91
- 7e. Comparisons with Special Relativity 92
- 7f. Einstein's Time, Common Time, Reichenbach's Time and Unspecified Time 95
- 8. Arbitrary Speed of Light in Taiji Relativity and the Michelson-Morley Experiment 100
- 8a. Does the Michelson-Morley Experiment Imply a Constant and Isotropic Speed of Light? 100
- 8b. Michelson-Morley Experiment Supports the First Postulate of Relativity 103
- 8c. Do Any Experiments Really Show the Universal Constancy of the Speed of Light c? 106
- 8d. Physical Quantities Measured by Using Taiji Time 109
- 9. Lorentz and Poincare Invariance Without Involving a Constant Corresponding to the Speed of Light 112
- 9a.o Group Properties of Taiji Transformations 112
- 9b. Lorentz Group Without Involving the Constant Speed of Light 115
- 9c. Poincare Group with Ten Generators and Without Involving the Constant Speed of Light 120
- 10. Truly Universal Constants and Physical Laws Based on Taiji Relativity 125
- 10a. Truly Universal Constants and Invariant Actions 125
- 10b. Atomic Structures and Doppler Shifts 128
- 10c. Dirac's Conjecture of Truly Fundamental Constants vs. Taiji Relativity's Results, and the Origin of the "Universal Value" c = 29979245800cm/sec 131
- 10d. Maxwell Equations Without the Constant Speed of Light c 134
- 11. Quantum Electrodynamics Based on Taiji Relativity and Dilatation of Lifetimes and Decay-Lengths 138
- 11a. Quantum Electrodynamics Based on Taiji Relativity 138
- 11b. Experimental Measurements of Dilatation for Decay-Lengths and Decay-Lifetimes 142
- 12. Common Relativity: A Common Time for All Observers 148
- 12a. Why Common Time? 148
- 12b. Two Basic Postulates of Common Relativity 149
- 12c. Space-Lightime Transformations and Physical Clocks 150
- 12d. Relativity of the Speed of Light Measured by Using Common Time 153
- 12e. Symmetry Between Any Two Frames F and F' 154
- 12f. Two-Way Speed of Light 155
- 12g. Inverse Transformations and the Lorentz Group 157
- 12h. 4-Dimensional Maxwell Equations and Lorentz Force with Scalar Physical Time 158
- 12i. Quantum Electrodynamics Based on Common Relativity 162
- 12j. New Properties in Common Relativity 164
- 13. Common Time and Many-Particle Systems in a 4-Dimensional Symmetry Framework 167
- 13a. Problems of Relative Simultaneity for Many-Particle Systems 167
- 13b. Invariant Hamiltonian Dynamics and Phase Space 170
- 13c. Invariant Kinetic Theory of Gases 174
- 13d. Invariant Liouville Equation 178
- 13e. Invariant Entropy, Temperature and Maxwell-Boltzmann Distribution 180
- 13f. Invariant Boltzmann-Vlasov Equation 182
- 13g. Boltzmann's Transport Equation with 4-Dimensional Symmetry 188
- 13h. Boltzmann's H Theorem with 4-Dimensional Symmetry 191
- 14. Common Relativity and Quantum Mechanics 195
- 14a. Fuzziness at Short Distances and the Invariant 'Genergy' 195
- 14b. Fuzzy Quantum Mechanics with an Inherent Fuzziness in the Position of a Point Particle 197
- 14c. A Fuzzy Point and Modified Coulomb Potential at Short Distances 202
- 14d. Inherent Probability for Suppression of Large Momentum States 204
- 15. Common Relativity and Fuzzy Quantum Field Theory 207
- 15a. Fuzzy Quantum Field Theories 207
- 15b. Fuzzy Quantum Electrodynamics Based on Common Relativity 212
- 15c. Experimental Tests of Possible Approximate 4-Dimensional Symmetry of Special Relativity at Very High Energies and Short Distances 216
- 16. Common Relativity and the 3 K Cosmic Background Radiation 221
- 16a. Implications of Non-Invariant Planck's Law of Blackbody Radiation 221
- 16b. Invariant Partition Function 221
- 16c. Covariant Thermodynamics 223
- 16d. Canonical Distribution and Blackbody Radiation 226
- 16e. Question on Earth's "Absolute" Motion in the 3 K Radiation 228
- 17. Extended Relativity: A Weaker Postulate for the Speed of Light 232
- 17a. 4-Dimensional Symmetry as a Guiding Principle 232
- 17b. Edwards' Transformations with Reichenbach's Time 234
- 17c. Difficulties of Edwards' Transformations 236
- 17d. Extended Relativity--A 4-Dimensional Theory with Reichenbach's Time 238
- 17e. Two Basic Postulates of Extended Relativity 242
- 17f. Invariant Action for a Free Particle in Extended Relativity 244
- 18. Extended Relativity with the Lorentz Group and Lifetime Dilatation 248
- 18a. A Comparison of Extended Relativity and Special Relativity 248
- 18b. An Unpassable Limit and Non-Constant Speed of Light 250
- 18c. Lorentz Group and the Space-Lightime Transformations 251
- 18d. Decay Rate and "Lifetime Dilatation" 253
- 19. Physical Implications of Extended Relativity 256
- 19a. 4-Dimensional Symmetry with a Universal 2-Way Speed of Light 256
- 19b. Some Experimental Implications of Extended Relativity 259
- 19c. Doppler Shifts of Frequency and Atomic Energy Levels 260
- 19d. Classical Electrodynamics Based on Extended Relativity 263
- 19e. Quantum Electrodynamics Based on Extended Relativity 266
- 19f. A Clock
- System for Lightime, Lifetime Dilatation and the Maximum Speed of Physical Objects 270
- 20. Determination of the Parameters of General Linear Transformations by Precision Experiments 273
- 20a. A General Parameterization of Linear Transformations 273
- 20b. Determinations of Parameters by Three Experiments 275
- 20c. Flexibility of the Relation for t and t' in 4-Dimensional Symmetry Framework 278
- 21. Generalized Lorentz Transformations for Non-Intertial Frames Based on the Limiting 4-Dimensional Symmetry 282
- 21a. An Answer to Young Einstein's Question and Its Implications 282
- 21b. Physical Time and Clocks in Linearly Accelerated Frames 286
- 21c. Moller's Gravitational Approach to Accelerated Transformations 290
- 21d. A Kinematical Approach to Accelerated Transformations Based on the Limiting 4-Dimensional Symmetry 293
- 21e. Generalized Moller-Wu-Lee Transformations Based on the Limiting 4-Dimensional Symmetry 296
- 21f. Minimal Generalization of the Lorentz Transformations--the Wu Transformations 300
- 22. Dynamics of Classical and Quantum Particles in Non-Inertial Frames with the Limiting 4-Dimensional Symmetry 304
- 22a. Classical Electrodynamics in Constant-Linear-Acceleration Frames 304
- 22b. Quantum Particles and Dirac's Equation in a CLA Frame 307.