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Physical metallurgy and advanced materials.

Physical Metallurgy and Advanced Materials is the latest edition of the classic book previously published as Modern Physical Metallurgy & Materials Engineering. Fully revised and expanded, this new edition develops on its predecessor by including detailed coverage of the latest topics in metallu...

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Detalles Bibliográficos
Clasificación:	Libro Electrónico
Autor principal:	Smallman, R. E.
Otros Autores:	Ngan, A. H. W.
Formato:	Electrónico eBook
Idioma:	Inglés
Publicado:	Amsterdam ; Boston : Butterworth Heinemann, 2007.
Edición:	7th ed. /
Temas:	Physical metallurgy. Métallurgie physique. TECHNOLOGY & ENGINEERING > Metallurgy. Metallbearbeitung Metallkunde Metallurgie
Acceso en línea:	Texto completo

Tabla de Contenidos:

1. Atoms and atomic arrangements
2. Phase equilibria and structure
3. Crystal defects
4. Characterization and analysis
5. Physical properties
6. Mechanical properties I
7. Mechanical properties II
Strengthening and toughening
8. Advanced alloys
9. Oxidation, corrosion and surface treatment
10. Non-metallics I
Ceramics, glass, glass-ceramics
11. Non-metallics II
Polymers, plastics, composites
12. Case examination of biomaterials, sports materials and nanomaterials.
1. Atoms and atomic arrangements
1.1. The realm of materials science
1.2. The free atom
1.2.1. The four electron quantum numbers
1.2.2. Nomenclature for the electronic states
1.3. The Periodic Table
1.4. Interatomic bonding in materials
1.5. Bonding and energy levels
1.6. Crystal lattices and structures
1.7. Crystal directions and planes
1.8. Stereographic projection
1.9. Selected crystal structures
1.9.1. Pure metals
1.9.2. Diamond and graphite
1.9.3. Coordination in ionic crystals
1.9.4. AB-type compounds
2. Phase equilibria and structure
2.1. Crystallization from the melt
2.1.1. Freezing of a pure metal
2.1.2. Plane-front and dendritic solidification at a cooled surface
2.1.3. Forms of cast structure
2.1.4. Gas porosity and segregation
2.1.5. Directional solidification
2.1.6. Production of metallic single crystals for research
2.2. Principles and applications of phase diagrams
2.2.1. The concept of a phase
2.2.2. The Phase Rule
2.2.3. Stability of phases
2.2.4. Two-phase equilibria
2.2.5. Three-phase equilibria and reactions
2.2.6. Intermediate phases
2.2.7. Limitations of phase diagrams
2.2.8. Some key phase diagrams
2.2.9. Ternary phase diagrams
2.3. Principles of alloy theory
2.3.1. Primary substitutional solid solutions
2.3.2. Interstitial solid solutions
2.3.3. Types of intermediate phases
2.3.4. Order-disorder phenomena
2.4. The mechanism of phase changes
2.4.1. Kinetic considerations
2.4.2. Homogeneous nucleation
2.4.3. Heterogeneous nucleation
2.4.4. Nucleation in solids
3. Crystal defects
3.1. Types of imperfection
3.2. Point defects
3.2.1. Point defects in metals
3.2.2. Point defects in non-metallic crystals
3.2.3. Irradiation of solids
3.2.4. Point defect concentration and annealing
3.3. Line defects
3.3.1. Concept of a dislocation
3.3.2. Edge and screw dislocations
3.3.3. The Burgers vector
3.3.4. Mechanisms of slip and climb
3.3.5. Strain energy associated with dislocations
3.3.6. Dislocations in ionic structures
3.4. Planar defects
3.4.1. Grain boundaries
3.4.2. Twin boundaries
3.4.3. Extended dislocations and stacking faults in close-packed crystals
3.5. Volume defects
3.5.1. Void formation and annealing
3.5.2. Irradiation and voiding
3.5.3. Voiding and fracture
3.6. Defect behavior in common crystal structures
3.6.1. Dislocation vector diagrams and the Thompson tetrahedron
3.6.2. Dislocations and stacking faults in fcc structures
3.6.3. Dislocations and stacking faults in cph structures
3.6.4. Dislocations and stacking faults in bcc structures
3.6.5. Dislocations and stacking faults in ordered structures
3.7. Stability of defects
3.7.1. Dislocation loops
3.7.2. Voids
3.7.3. Nuclear irradiation effects.
4. Characterization and analysis
4.1. Tools of characterization
4.2. Light microscopy
4.2.1. Basic principles
4.2.2. Selected microscopical techniques
4.3. X-ray diffraction analysis
4.3.1. Production and absorption of X-rays
4.3.2. Diffraction of X-rays by crystals
4.3.3. X-ray diffraction methods
4.3.4. Typical interpretative procedures for diffraction patterns
4.4. Analytical electron microscopy
4.4.1. Interaction of an electron beam with a solid
4.4.2. The transmission electron microscope (TEM)
4.4.3. The scanning electron microscope
4.4.4. Theoretical aspects of TEM
4.4.5. Chemical microanalysis
4.4.6. Electron energy-loss spectroscopy (EELS)
4.4.7. Auger electron spectroscopy (AES)
4.5. Observation of defects
4.5.1. Etch pitting
4.5.2. Dislocation decoration
4.5.3. Dislocation strain contrast in TEM
4.5.4. Contrast from crystals
4.5.5. Imaging of dislocations
4.5.6. Imaging of stacking faults
4.5.7. Application of dynamical theory
4.5.8. Weak-beam microscopy
4.6. Scanning probe microscopy
4.6.1. Scanning tunneling microscopy (STM)
4.6.2. Atomic force microscopy (AFM)
4.6.3. Applications of SPM
4.6.4. Nanoindentation
4.7. Specialized bombardment techniques
4.7.1. Neutron diffraction
4.7.2. Synchrotron radiation studies
4.7.3. Secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS)
4.8. Thermal analysis
4.8.1. General capabilities of thermal analysis
4.8.2. Thermogravimetric analysis
4.8.3. Differential thermal analysis
4.8.4. Differential scanning calorimetry
5. Physical properties
5.1. Introduction
5.2. Density
5.3. Thermal properties
5.3.1. Thermal expansion
5.3.2. Specific heat capacity
5.3.3. The specific heat curve and transformations
5.3.4. Free energy of transformation
5.4. Diffusion
5.4.1. Diffusion laws
5.4.2. Mechanisms of diffusion
5.4.3. Factors affecting diffusion
5.5. Anelasticity and internal friction
5.6. Ordering in alloys
5.6.1. Long-range and short-range order
5.6.2. Detection of ordering
5.6.3. Influence of ordering on properties
5.7. Electrical properties
5.7.1. Electrical conductivity
5.7.2. Semiconductors
5.7.3. Hall effect
5.7.4. Superconductivity
5.7.5. Oxide superconductors
5.8. Magnetic properties
5.8.1. Magnetic susceptibility
5.8.2. Diamagnetism and paramagnetism
5.8.3. Ferromagnetism
5.8.4. Magnetic alloys
5.8.5. Anti-ferromagnetism and ferrimagnetism
5.9. Dielectric materials
5.9.1. Polarization
5.9.2. Capacitors and insulators
5.9.3. Piezoelectric materials
5.9.4. Pyroelectric and ferroelectric materials
5.10. Optical properties
5.10.1. Reflection, absorption and transmission effects
5.10.2. Optical fibers
5.10.3. Lasers
5.10.4. Ceramic 'windows'
5.10.5. Electro-optic ceramics
6. Mechanical properties I
6.1. Mechanical testing procedures
6.1.1. Introduction
6.1.2. The tensile test
6.1.3. Indentation hardness testing
6.1.4. Impact testing
6.1.5. Creep testing
6.1.6. Fatigue testing
6.2. Elastic deformation
6.3. Plastic deformation
6.3.1. Slip and twinning
6.3.2. Resolved shear stress
6.3.3. Relation of slip to crystal structure
6.3.4. Law of critical resolved shear stress
6.3.5. Multiple slip
6.3.6. Relation between work hardening and slip
6.4. Dislocation behavior during plastic deformation
6.4.1. Dislocation mobility
6.4.2. Variation of yield stress with temperature and strain rate
6.4.3. Dislocation source operation
6.4.4. Discontinuous yielding
6.4.5. Yield points and crystal structure
6.4.6. Discontinuous yielding in ordered alloys
6.4.7. Solute-dislocation interaction
6.4.8. Dislocation locking and temperature
6.4.9. Inhomogeneity interaction
6.4.10. Kinetics of strain ageing
6.4.11. Influence of grain boundaries on plasticity
6.4.12. Superplasticity
6.5. Mechanical twinning
6.5.1. Crystallography of twinning
6.5.2. Nucleation and growth of twins
6.5.3. Effect of impurities on twinning
6.5.4. Effect of prestrain on twinning
6.5.5. Dislocation mechanism of twinning
6.5.6. Twinning and fracture
6.6. Strengthening and hardening mechanisms
6.6.1. Point defect hardening
6.6.2. Work hardening
6.6.3. Development of preferred orientation
6.7. Macroscopic plasticity
6.7.1. Tresca and von Mises criteria
6.7.2. Effective stress and strain
6.8. Annealing
6.8.1. General effects of annealing
6.8.2. Recovery
6.8.3. Recrystallization
6.8.4. Grain growth
6.8.5. Annealing twins
6.8.6. Recrystallization textures
6.9. Metallic creep
6.9.1. Transient and steady-state creep
6.9.2. Grain boundary contribution to creep
6.9.3. Tertiary creep and fracture
6.9.4. Creep-resistant alloy design
6.10. Deformation mechanism maps
6.11. Metallic fatigue
6.11.1. Nature of fatigue failure
6.11.2. Engineering aspects of fatigue
6.11.3. Structural changes accompanying fatigue
6.11.4. Crack formation and fatigue failure
6.11.5. Fatigue at elevated temperatures
7. Mechanical properties II
Strengthening and toughening
7.1. Introduction
7.2. Strengthening of non-ferrous alloys by heat treatment
7.2.1. Precipitation hardening of Al-Cu alloys
7.2.2. Precipitation hardening of Al-Ag alloys
7.2.3. Mechanisms of precipitation hardening
7.2.4. Vacancies and precipitation
7.2.5. Duplex ageing
7.2.6. Particle coarsening
7.2.7. Spinodal decomposition
7.3. Strengthening of steels by heat treatment
7.3.1. Time-temperature-transformation diagrams
7.3.2. Austenite-pearlite transformation
7.3.3. Austenite-martensite transformation
7.3.4. Austenite-bainite transformation
7.3.5. Tempering of martensite
7.3.6. Thermomechanical treatments
7.4. Fracture and toughness
7.4.1. Griffith microcrack criterion
7.4.2. Fracture toughness
7.4.3. Cleavage and the ductile-brittle transition
7.4.4. Factors affecting brittleness of steels
7.4.5. Hydrogen embrittlement of steels
7.4.6. Intergranular fracture
7.4.7. Ductile failure
7.4.8. Rupture
7.4.9. Voiding and fracture at elevated temperatures
7.4.10. Fracture mechanism maps
7.4.11. Crack growth under fatigue conditions
7.5. Atomistic modeling of mechanical behavior
7.5.1. Multiscale modeling
7.5.2. Atomistic simulations of defects
8. Advanced alloys
8.1. Introduction
8.2. Commercial steels
8.2.1. Plain carbon steels
8.2.2. Alloy steels
8.2.3. Maraging steels
8.2.4. High-strength low-alloy (HSLA) steels
8.2.5. Dual-phase (DP) steels
8.2.6. Mechanically alloyed (MA) steels
8.2.7. Designation of steels
8.3. Cast irons
8.4. Superalloys
8.4.1. Basic alloying features
8.4.2. Nickel-based superalloy development
8.4.3. Dispersion-hardened superalloys
8.5. Titanium alloys
8.5.1. Basic alloying and heat-treatment features
8.5.2. Commercial titanium alloys
8.5.3. Processing of titanium alloys
8.6. Structural intermetallic compounds
8.6.1. General properties of intermetallic compounds
8.6.2. Nickel aluminides
8.6.3. Titanium aluminides
8.6.4. Other intermetallic compounds
8.7. Aluminum alloys
8.7.1. Designation of aluminum alloys
8.7.2. Applications of aluminum alloys
8.7.3. Aluminum-lithium alloys
8.7.4. Processing developments.
9. Oxidation, corrosion and surface treatment
9.1. The engineering importance of surfaces
9.2. Metallic corrosion
9.2.1. Oxidation at high temperatures
9.2.2. Aqueous corrosion
9.3. Surface engineering
9.3.1. The coating and modification of surfaces
9.3.2. Surface coating by vapor deposition
9.3.3. Surface coating by particle bombardment
9.3.4. Surface modification with high-energy beams
9.4. Thermal barrier coatings
9.5. Diamond-like carbon
9.6. Duplex surface engineering
10. Non-metallics I
Ceramics, glass, glass-ceramics
10.1. Introduction
10.2. Sintering of ceramic powders
10.2.1. Powdering and shaping
10.2.2. Sintering
10.3. Some engineering and commercial ceramics
10.3.1. Alumina
10.3.2. Silica
10.3.3. Silicates
10.3.4. Perovskites, titanates and spinels
10.3.5. Silicon carbide
10.3.6. Silicon nitride
10.3.7. Sialons
10.3.8. Zirconia
10.4. Glasses
10.4.1. Structure and characteristics
10.4.2. Processing and properties
10.4.3. Glass-ceramics
10.5. Carbon
10.5.1. Diamond
10.5.2. Graphite
10.5.3. Fullerenes and related nanostructures
10.6. Strength of ceramics and glasses
10.6.1. Strength measurement for brittle materials
10.6.2. Statistical nature and size dependence of strength
10.6.3. Stress corrosion cracking of ceramics and glasses
10.7. A case study: thermal protection system in space shuttle orbiter
11. Non-metallics II
Polymers, plastics, composites
11.1. Polymer molecules
11.2. Molecular weight
11.3. Polymer shape and structure
11.4. Polymer crystallinity
11.5. Polymer crystals
11.6. Mechanical behavior
11.6.1. Deformation
11.6.2. Viscoelasticity
11.6.3. Fracture
11.7. Plastics and additives
11.8. Polymer processing
11.9. Electrical properties
11.10. Composites
11.10.1. Particulate composites
11.10.2. Fiber-reinforced composites
11.10.3. Fiber orientations
11.10.4. Influence of fiber length
11.10.5. Composite fibers
11.10.6. Polymer-matrix composites (PMCs)
11.10.7. Metal-matrix composites (MMCs)
11.10.8. Ceramic-matrix composites (CMCs)
12. Case examination of biomaterials, sports materials and nanomaterials
12.1. Introduction
12.2. Biomaterials
12.2.1. Introduction and bio-requirements
12.2.2. Introduction to bone and tissue
12.2.3. Case consideration of replacement joints
12.2.4. Biomaterials for heart repair
12.2.5. Reconstructive surgery
12.2.6. Ophthalmics
12.2.7. Dental materials
12.2.8. Drug delivery systems
12.3. Sports materials
12.3.1. Introduction
12.3.2. Golf equipment
12.3.3. Tennis equipment
12.3.4. Bicycles
12.3.5. Skiing materials
12.3.6. Archery
12.3.7. Fencing foils
12.3.8. Sports protection
12.4. Materials for nanotechnology
12.4.1. Introduction
12.4.2. Nanoparticles
12.4.3. Fullerenes and nanotubes
12.4.4. Quantum wells, wires and dots
12.4.5. Bulk nanostructured solids
12.4.6. Mechanical properties of small material volumes
12.4.7. Bio-nanotechnology
Numerical answers to problems
Appendix 1. SI units
Appendix 2. Conversion factors, constants and physical data.

Physical metallurgy and advanced materials.

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