Methods for developing spacecraft water exposure guidelines /

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Detalles Bibliográficos
Clasificación:Libro Electrónico
Autor Corporativo: National Research Council (U.S.). Subcommittee on Spacecraft Water Exposure Guidelines
Formato: Electrónico eBook
Idioma:Inglés
Publicado: Washington, D.C. : National Academy Press, ©2000.
Colección:Compass series (Washington, D.C.)
Temas:
Space vehicles > Water-supply.
Water reuse.
Astronauts > Health risk assessment.
Astronautes > Risques pour la santé > Évaluation.
TECHNOLOGY & ENGINEERING > Aeronautics & Astronautics.
Space vehicles > Water-supply
Water reuse
Acceso en línea:Texto completo
Tabla de Contenidos:
  • Methods for Developing Spacecraft Water Exposure Guidelines
  • Copyright
  • OTHER REPORTS OF THE BOARD ON ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES AND TOXICOLOGY
  • OTHER REPORTS OF THE COMMITTEE ON TOXICOLOGY
  • Preface
  • Contents
  • Abbreviations
  • Executive Summary
  • WATER CONTAMINANT SOURCES
  • RANKING CONTAMINANTS FOR RISK ASSESSMENT
  • DATA FOR ESTABLISHING SWEGS
  • RISK ASSESSMENT
  • SPECIAL CONSIDERATIONS FOR NASA
  • EXPOSURE GUIDELINES SET BY OTHER ORGANIZATIONS
  • 1 Introduction
  • WATER CONTAMINANTS
  • APPROACH TO THE STUDY
  • REFERENCES
  • 2 Sources, Treatment, and Monitoring Of Spacecraft Water ContaminantsOVERVIEW
  • DESIGN DRIVERS
  • ISS WATER-QUALITY STANDARDS
  • SOURCES OF SPACECRAFT WATER CONTAMINATION
  • HUMAN URINE
  • Untreated Urine
  • Chemical Treatment and Distillation By-Products
  • HUMIDITY CONDENSATE
  • Condensate Sample Results
  • Water Recovery Test
  • Lunar-Mars Life Support Test Project
  • Space Shuttle
  • Mir Humidity Condensate
  • Environmental Contributors to Spacecraft Humidity Condensate
  • Hardware Off-Gassing
  • Animal Wastes
  • Mechanical Leaks
  • Microbial MetabolitesPayload Chemicals
  • Utility Chemicals
  • WASH WATER AND OTHER WASTE STREAMS
  • Hygiene Water
  • Detergents
  • Chemicals from Personal Hygiene Products
  • CHeCS Wastes
  • CHEMICALS FORMED IN THE WATER TREATMENT SYSTEM
  • SYSTEM FAILURES AND INCOMPLETE PROCESSING OF INFLUENT
  • CHEMICALS ADDED TO RETARD BACTERIAL GROWTH
  • Iodine
  • Silver
  • REGENERATED WATER
  • Inorganic Contaminants
  • Shuttle Humidity Condensates
  • Mir Humidity Condensates and Mir Reclaimed Water
  • LMLSTP 60-d Product Water
  • ORGANIC CONTAMINANTS
  • Humidity Condensate in MirLMLSTP 60-d Product Water
  • Stage-10 WRT
  • MONITORING WATER CONTAMINANTS
  • SOURCE-WATER MONITORING
  • In-Line Monitoring and Process Control
  • Off-Line Monitoring
  • SUMMARY
  • REFERENCES
  • 3 Sources and Types of Data for Establishing Spacecraft Water Exposure Guidelines
  • CHEMICAL AND PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF A TOXICANT
  • HUMAN STUDIES
  • ANIMAL STUDIES
  • IN VITRO TOXICITY STUDIES
  • ADVANCES IN HEALTH EFFECTS ASSESSMENT
  • NEUROBEHAVIORAL EFFECTS
  • REPRODUCTIVE EFFECTS
  • MUTAGENESIS
  • MECHANISTIC STUDIES
  • SUMMARYREFERENCES
  • 4 Risk Assessment Methods for Determining Spacecraft Water Exposure Guidelines
  • HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE
  • Risk Assessment for Noncarcinogenic Effects
  • Risk Assessment for Carcinogenic Effects
  • RECOMMENDED APPROACH TO RISK ASSESSMENT
  • Exploiting Similarities of Historical Approaches
  • Benchmark-Dose Approach to Setting SWEGs
  • BMD CALCULATION
  • Central Estimate Versus Confidence Limit
  • Estimating BMDp for Various Toxic Effects
  • EXPOSURE CONVERSION
  • Target Tissue Dose
  • Differences in Duration
  • Species Conversions

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