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Tabla de Contenidos:
  • Chapter 1 Normative Centering in the 15th and 16th Centuries: Observations on Religiosity, Theology, and Iconology 1
  • I. Normative Centering: An Interpretive Category 1
  • II. The Normative Centering of Religion 4
  • III. Forms of Normative Centering: The Theology of Piety and Images of Piety 18
  • IV. Three Exemplary Images of Piety 24
  • V. The Centering of Piety around the Passion, Mercy, and Trust 32
  • VI. From the Centering of the Late Middle Ages to the Centering of the Reformation: Continuity and Upheaval 43
  • Chapter 2 Between Severity and Mercy. Three Models of Pre-Reformation Urban Reform Preaching: Savonarola
  • Staupitz
  • Geiler 50
  • I. Urban 'dirigenti religiosi' of the Reformation and Late Middle Ages 50
  • II. Girolamo Savonarola: Preacher of God's Severity 55
  • III. Johannes von Staupitz: Preacher of God's Mercy 65
  • IV. Johannes Geiler von Keysersberg: Preacher between Severity and Mercy 73
  • V. Looking On to the Reformation 86
  • Chapter 3 Volition and Inadequacy as a Topic in Late Medieval Pastoral Care of Penitents 88
  • I. The Harrowing Question at the End of the Middle Ages 88
  • II. The Typical Solution provided by Johannes von Paltz (1511): Where there is Inadequacy, a Good Will Suffices 91
  • III. The Further Lowering of the Minimal Requirement: If there is no Good Will, then Desiring to Desire is Enough 95
  • IV. Exoneration
  • a Trend of the Late Middle Ages 100
  • V. Four Lines of the Theological Tradition of Comforting Exoneration for the Weak and Troubled 105
  • VI. A Vigorous Theology of Mercy, circa 1500: Johannes von Staupitz in comparison with the Late Franciscan Tradition 114
  • VII. The Insufficiency of Human Satisfaction and the Infinite Value of the Satisfaction of Jesus Christ 120
  • VIII. The Reformation in the Context of the Late Middle Ages 125
  • Chapter 4 From the Medieval "Love of God" to the "Faith" of Luther
  • A Contribution to the History of Penitence 128
  • I. The Twelfth-Century Turn to the Inner Feeling of the Love of God 128
  • II. The Late-Medieval Transformation in the Understanding of Love, Penance and Contrition 136
  • III. Johannes von Staupitz: the Significance of his Understanding of True Contrition for Luther 142
  • IV. Luther's New Understanding of Contrition: Faith is Love, but Love does not Justify 147
  • Chapter 5 Why did "Faith" become for Luther the Central Concept of the Christian Life? 153
  • I. The Question from the Medieval Perspective 153
  • II. The Medieval Understanding of Faith: the Levels of Faith, Humility and Hope 154
  • III. What Luther Means by Faith: the Question from the Perspective of the Judgement of God 163
  • IV. Luther's First Commentary on the Psalms: Faith as Humility and Hope 167
  • V. Results and Consequences 171
  • Chapter 6 What was the Reformation Doctrine of Justification? 179
  • I. Criteria for Defining the Reformation Doctrine of Justification 181
  • II. Medieval Catholic Doctrine 184
  • III. The Reformation Doctrine of Justification 189
  • 1. The Unconditionally Given Acceptance of Mankind 189
  • 2. Radical Sin 193
  • 3. Grace Preceding Perfect Righteousness 193
  • 4. Simul Instus et Peccator 196
  • 5. The Eschatological Final Validity of Justification 197
  • 6. The Certainty of Salvation 200
  • 7. Freedom and Absence of Freedom 201
  • 8. By Faith Alone 202
  • 9. The Bond Between Faith and the Biblical Word 205
  • 10. Breaking the Mold: the Contrast with Medieval Theology 207
  • 11. The Evangelical Understanding of the Person 208
  • IV. Luther's Lectures on the Epistle to the Romans as Evidence of the Reformation Doctrine of Justification 209
  • V. Further Prospects: the Intensification and the Boundaries of the Reformation Doctrine of Justification 213
  • Chapter 7 Reformation "from below" and Reformation "from above". On the Problem of the Historical Classifications of the Reformation 217
  • I. Widespread Conceptions of Types and Phases of the Reformation 217
  • II. Factors "from above" in the Broad Reformation Movement before 1525 224
  • 1. The 'prae' of the Educated Upper Strata of Society 224
  • 2. The Reformation of the Middle 227
  • 3. The Authoritarian Orientation of the Reformers before 1525 231
  • III. Factors of the Early Reformation Movement within the Later Government of the Church by Secular Authorities 240
  • 1. After-effects of the Reformation of the "Common Man" in the Authorities' Governance of the Church 240
  • 2. Theological Continuity 245
  • IV. The Outlook 250
  • Chapter 8 How Innovative was the Reformation? 254
  • II. Four Categories of Reforming Innovation 258
  • III. The Double Integrative Model: Long-term Change Integrated in Transition and Transition Integrated in Long-Term Change 266
  • Chapter 9 The Place of the Reformation in the Second Christian Millennium 273
  • I. The Effects of the Reformation and the Question of its Relevance 273
  • II. The Reformation as a Breach in the System 275
  • III. The Medieval Catholic Synthesis of Divine and Earthly 275
  • IV. The Reformation as Desacralization of the World and Humanity 278
  • V. The New Understanding of Holiness 280
  • VI. The Reformation as a Break in the Religio-historical Logic of Gift and Return 282
  • VII. The Reformation as a Continuation of Medieval Trends 285
  • VIII. Differing Kinds of Continuation of the Middle Ages: Qualitative Leap and Reinforcement or Acceleration 287
  • IX. The Reformation as a Driving Force of Modernization 289
  • X. The Relationship of the Reformation to Emancipative Modernity 291
  • XI. The Relationship of the Reformation to Repressive Modernity 295
  • XII. Summary: The Reformation as Engine and Interruption of Modernity 298
  • XIII. The Prospect: The Significance of the Reformation for the Future of Church and Society 299.